Write a topic for this essay Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a topic for this essay - Article ExampleGoldleaf Jewelry is focusing on increasing its revenue later on it registered $21 million profit in the last three quarters of 2013 (The Wall Street daybook 1).This development has several implications on the get together States economy. Firstly, the entry of the Chinese company into the United States oil industriousness means that there is foreign currency that shall land into China courtesy of the investment. This means that United States pull up stakes lose some resources than it used to get when the United States based company, ERG resources was the one in charge of the oilfields. They be likely to bring some of the Chineses technocrats at the expense of the jobless citizens in the United States. This reduces the employability of the Americans. Another aspect is that China is rising very fast as an economic superpower, threatening the space taken by United States for years. With the entry of China into United States may create a n impression to the realness that China is the force to reckon with.As much as the Chinese company may obligate to the regulations, there is a potential risk that they may overexploit the resource hence causing a fast exhaustion. This issue may result to depletion of United States oil reserves in the near

Research Technique Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Technique ingest - Essay ExampleThis look for options must be clarified in the early stage of the research planning.In this period of globalization, innovations has introduced the Internet that have generated new methods in conducting surveys, these surveys ar done through electronic mail or e-mail and the World Wide Web. In e-mail surveys, the content of the survey is in the original message of the e-mail, in this brass the respondents can complete the survey mediocre by respondent the original e-mail (Bradley, 1999). While Web surveys, are powered by host websites, in this case the respondents can just click on the website then complete the survey.Internet surveys are presently in trend mainly because of four accepted statements about how they pile up against more-conventional survey methods (Coomber, 1997) (1) the responses are wide awake (2) they are equally even better than conventional surveys (3) they are much economical to perform and (4) they are easier to im plement. On the other hand, these statement may be true or not, depending on the individual conditions of the survey.In the most common sense, conducting market survey research using the Internet engages performance one or more events and examining the outcomes. Researchers perform testing for a broad range of basis, series from pre-testing a research human body to challenging to process a measuring instrument. A widespread application engages examining fundamental hypotheses. Once suitable, a prescribed testing gives the most reliable proof of causation possible (Deacon ET. Al.1999). To perform one, researchers must wage two things. First, researchers must influence at least one independent variable. One does not just watch and calculate an independent variable as it obviously takes place. As an alternative, it is restricted and diverse as part of the design of the study. Second, opportunity practices must decide whether or to what extent a person investigational ratifier is depi cted to the independent variable. This is also

Miss Brill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

disregard brill - Essay ExampleFemale poverty and loneliness are two central ideas of Mansfields brusque myth titled Miss brill. Mansfields Symbolism Miss brill by Katherine Mansfield is a literary realization of an incredible spirit drama. Portrayal of the main heroine is achieved through detailed description of the womans characters and inner workings of her mind in a very short, only four-page essay. Mansfields creative and charming work can be compared to that of a jeweler dealing with some precious stones and jewelry. Symbolism is skilfully placed within a simple plot of Miss brill. Literary masterpiece of Katherine Mansfield reall(a)y deserves acknowledgement and admiration. Even the title of the story points start a owing(p) literary genius in this great writer, Katherine Mansfield. A great attention to details as well as authors originality is presented throughout work of Mansfield. Miss Brill is a spinster who has neither friends nor any other fill people. referen ce work of her earnings comes from working as an English tutor. Besides, she is engaged in reading press to an old handicapped person whose ability to hear and understand is very doubtful. Furthermore, it becomes obvious that Miss Brill lives somewhere close to the seaside in France. From the very beginning the reader begins to comprehend the mood of the main character as well as the atmosphere of the whole story. The weather is intriguingly unstable since the blue sky powdered with property and great spots of light like white wine splashed over the Jardins Publiuqes (Mansfield) point out on possible rain in the nearest time. So, Miss Brill is obviously ready to such(prenominal) conditions of weather as she takes out her fur which she calls Dear little thing. Soon, the reader associates fur turn up with Miss Brill. Both of them are approximately of the same age. Depression Psychological State of Mind of the supporter As the story unfolds, we find out that the old lady is happy t o live and be vigorous observer of someone elses life. Thus, she is an active participant of daily life drama surrounding her. It is Mansfields style of writing as well as language used in this short story that makes the symbolic meaning strikingly distinctive. Everyday routine is covering all life of Miss Brill and she, as many woman of her age and status, cannot afford to see other attractive sides of life procurable to her. being an active life observer, the main heroine does not have time to live her own life actively. Being an elderly lady Miss Brill does not realize that her beauty has vanished away with her early days years. Speaking as an observer of other people of older age the protagonist does not hitherto have a clue that she is describing people like herself (Morrow 82). One of the descriptions made by Miss Brill is very similar to those she makes on regular bases ...they were nearly always the same Sunday after Sunday, and Miss Brill had often noticedthere was som ething funny about nearly all of them. They were odd, silent, nearly all old, and from the way they stared they looked as though theyd just come from dark little rooms or plaineven cupboards (399) Misery of the humankind depicted in this short story is underlined with the help of Miss Brills image of her surrounding. Female characters in Miss Brill do not have

Writing about an artist from my country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing about(predicate) an artist from my country - Essay ExampleHis achievements both in politics along with remarkable records of literary publications make his achievement stand out. It is notable here that his political commentary on Petroleum surrender Agreement and other connected issues have been quite influential within in the oil industry. Anything burning(prenominal) in the oil industry has high relevance in the current geopolitical context. This fact makes Mans Al Otaiba and his political commentary important globally. Al Otaiba writes poems both in English and Arabic. The objective of this essay is to rationalize the life and works of Mans Al Otaiba. The essay initially deals with the personal details of the subject and later negotiation about his literary, political and economic contributions. Mans Al Otaiba was born in Abu Dhabi. He was born in the calendar month of May in 1946. His fathers name is Saeed Al Otaiba. He was fortunate enough to be born and brought up in a highly influential environment. He later became the Petroleum and mineral Resources of the country while Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the president of United Arab Emirates. His influence in the ministry is quite evident by the fact that he later became the Presidents personal advisor. The goodness will that he had was maintained for long as he remained in this official position till the death of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. He also continued to be the tete-a-tete advisor to Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan .

The Responsible Leader and Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Responsible Leader and Manager - Essay congressmanAmong the managers are Stacey Miguel, Kathy Buttimer and Annama Schaeffer. They are, respectively, order manager in Indiana, recruiting manager in Rhode Island and authoriseor relations manager. The district manager oversees all(a) the operations of the district including customer contentment and preparing stakeholders reports. The recruiting manager is responsible for getting qualified and competent faculty to drive the business success. The investor relations manager ensures the stakeholders interests are taken care of while updating them on the gilds progress. This paper will explain how the managers can use their personalized, interpersonal and societal set to manage the stakeholders. It will also show how they demonstrate their awareness of social issues and corporate citizenship responsibilities. Stakeholders Stakeholder management is the execute that promotes a companys strategic goals by influencing internal and e xternal environments to create beneficial relationships in the midst of the company and its stakeholders (Bolman & Deal 1995). This is achieved through management of the agreed objectives and expectations. Among the stakeholders of Limited Brands are the customers, corporate shareholding companies and suppliers. By the culmination of 2012, Janus Capital Management LLC had 22.8 million shares, representing a 15.9 percent shareholding in Limited Brands. It is the duty of the managers to integrate their personal values and corporate values in order to ensure the success of the business and encourage stakeholders to invest more. Apart from Mr. Leslie Wexner, the owner, Janus Capital Management is the next largest shareholder. Customers The customers are among the key stakeholders, and the company instills the value of the customer creation king to all managers. The managers at Limited Brands know that the business cannot survive without its customers. Even after convey quality produ cts to the market, the customers choice to buy or not can determine the business fate (Chappell 1993). It is, therefore, epoch-making to portray themselves as a company that focuses on excellence driven by customer satisfaction and motivational leadership on top of giving value for money in their products. In mirroring their customers values, the recruiting manger, district manager and investor relationship manager bring out their humility in a bid to endue women and improve childrens education. All the managers possess personal values of reaching out a portion hand to the needy. They themselves must possess values of honesty and integrity so as to enroll into the programs authentically deserving students and women. In light to aiding talented students who need to gain experience before venturing into the employment world, the company offers internships and the successful applicants receive firsthand 10 weeks of immersion experience. They get to learn how products, brands and cu stomer experiences are create and delivered. Some are even enrolled into accounting or systems support positions. The managers ensure, through their values of sharing cognition and opportunity, that the interns learn in the best environment and they can share their experiences with the general public, and customers, upon completion. They subject the interns to the actual and contend experiences of the working field. The interpersonal values of the managers help the interns to build and develop networks of relationships with other managers and the broader customer base by introductions and recommendations. This gesture serves to attract, build and maintain loyal customers who ensure that business flourishes. With retail stores in 49 states in the US and over 700 products, the interns also stand a better chance of being taken up

Problem based assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Problem based assignment - Essay ExampleIt is interact as a natural steal person referable to which, it is trusty for all acts or liability bound to it. The party therefore can enter into weight-lift on its own name and due to which it credible for any breach of that contract, e.g. the managing theatre director is considered as a natural person who acts on behalf of the companion. The managing director who is working on behalf of company is rattling considered as secondary liability in which the company is responsible for the acts of another. the director in this case is working on behalf of company and his acts are directly attributed to the company as he is not the servant or agent of company, he is director with powers to bind the company into contract which clearly states that any guilt or liability arise due to the contract by director will automatically bound the company into that contract , and so the company will be liable for that contract and any breach of that contract can sue the company as a separate legal entity and not the director. ... In the given scenario the director of company entered into the contract of $1 million, but actually the director was only allowed to enter the contract below $ 500,000. The director is exceeding his capacity for entering into the contract. however the company mincoNL will be sued for the wrongful act of the director, and company can fine or foment the director for his wrongful act. So according to the case in Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass, in this scenario the same stake applies on company. Step 4 Conclusion if the director enters into the contract, the company according to The corporate criminal liability, company is convicted of a crime committed by directors or employees who are acting as the companys mind. Under the criminal and civil penalties, the director will be fined or can be criminalize by the company. Although the company is liable for the contract the company will sue the director for exceeding his post powers of contractual capacity which he was not permitted by the company. PART B Step 1 range Legal Issue/s EquiPtyLtd is facing problems about the legal matters regarding company law and want an advice. The company had a contract to deliver 2 buses of worth $1m to MincoNL. But now MincoNLs directors refused to take deliverance of buses on the basis of following grounds. 1. EquiptyLTD was entered into the contract with jaonne flywell, the managing director of the MincoNL. Jaonne has only the maximum purchasing limit of 0. $5m .As this was create verbally in constitution so Equiptyltd should know about it. The Area of law which deals with this matter is the statutory assumptions describe in the company law. The

Neoliberalism, growth and Accumulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Neoliberalism, evolution and Accumulation - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, Japan went through a period of sparing stagnation resulting from declining land prices while the unification of Germany also contributed to the slow economic growth in Europe. Essenti aloney, all these observations imply that after the neoliberal changes that occurred from the perspective of the state and economy, the macroeconomic variables including inflation, interest and unemployment rates and aggregate outputs were modify (Glyn, 2006). In view of this, this paper will examine to what extent the macroeconomic variables of the neoliberal era argon the result of neoliberal changes to the state and economy.By the 1970s, neoliberalism was increasingly becoming the prominent governance form in many economies of the world with its political ideals of liberating markets from governmental influences and interferences (Kotz, 2002). Seen as another way of looking at finance- conduct capitalism, neoliberalism was adoptive in the place of capitalism after 1978. Neoliberalism came into being as a theory of political-economic practices founded on the archetype that the well-being of humans will be guaranteed when individual entrepreneurial skills and freedoms are liberated in institutional frameworks with private property rights and free markets (Harvey, 2005). It follows, therefore, that neoliberal ideas and changes altered the way states operated and heavily promoted market-based economies that valued competition and power highly. According to Campbell (2005), it was the exit of the state from its role in managing capital that led to the success of free markets and led to exceptional growth especially in the US. Therefore, financial liberalization led to growth in aspects such as consumption, investment in private business, financial internalization, land prices and technological productivity (Glyn, 2006). However, it is imperative to watch that such growth and stability was mainly in the US because globally, the economy was facing

Understanding of ethics and ethical understanding of life event or Essay

Understanding of ethics and honorable concord of life event or life stage and of the ceremony that celebrates it - Essay ExampleThis article highlights the plan of ethics in its simplest possible form. Many people tend to equate ethics with feelings. They take that world ethical is like following ones feelings. This is however clearly not true because feelings frequently deviate from what is decline. On the other hand ethics should not even be identified with religion. It is true that most religions do preach ethics in the purest form. Many believe in supernaturalism i.e exhaustively is what god has ordained. However, we essential understand that ethics and observation of example codes of behaviour are as much a vocation of a religious person as that of an atheist or someone who is not that religious for that matter. therefrom ethics is clearly not a factor of religion. Ethics is also not the same as following the law. It is true that more often than not laws regulate ethi cal conduct in a society. However, laws like feelings foot deviate from being right. Lastly, ethics is not close to doing whatever the society accepts. gibe to the theory of cultural relativism good is equivalent to what is acceptable in the society. Cultural relativism exhorts that ethics is not about objectivity and that they vary from place to place and culture to culture. This is partly correct. However socially approved is not always good for the following reasons. Standards of behaviour in societies frequently deviate from what the right thing to do is. ... Although it was by no means an ethical thing to dowhen we look at it logically through the eyeball of reason. Even though cultural relativists may not agree with this statement and argue that female infanticide was the right thing to do in the context of the Arab culture. It was the accepted norm in the society and few dared to scrap it. In addition to this the lack of social consensus on many issues prevents societal acceptability to become an ethical standard. Therefore it is futile to assume that any of the above mentioned sources of ethics can dictate ethical standards. some other approach to determining ethical standards is that of consequentialism. This theory asserts that an action is good or bad because its results are good or bad. Thereby the morality of a certain behaviour or conduct is determined by its results. More simply put the ends justify the means. Consequentialists would consider Robin Hood to be ethical because he was stealing for a good cause. However, there is a catch in this theory. It completely disregards means. Although I believe that means are as important as the ends. If you are collecting money through inequitable means and giving it for charity, you are by no means being ethical because your means are wrong. Ethical behaviour should comprise both the right means and the right ends. Only then can conduct be classified as truly ethical and right.( Gensler.H, 1998)Other than this many believe that cognition is the perfect judge of right and wrong. Most moral judgements can be made by relying on ones intuition and that there are certain objective moral truths which are universally acceptable. The basic moral truths are thereby though to be evident to

COURSEWORK IN FOUNDATION IN LAW AND PROPERTY Case Study

COURSEWORK IN FOUNDATION IN LAW AND billet - Case Study ExampleThe cause of action arises from the nuisance can be put preceding before the Court. Section 106(b) of Rent Act 1977 says that or that the lessee or any person residing has been guilty of transfer which is a nuisance or discomfort to adjoining occupiers.The law allows the tenant to use the property for what invariably purpose they choose, unless the tenancy agreement states otherwise. Its thitherfore wise to restrict the propertys use to that of a single esoteric dwelling. Also impose an obligation on the tenant not to cause nuisance or annoyance to neighboring occupiers.The tenant of cottage 1 faces difficulties in using the path through his garden by the other tenants. Since the cottage 1 and its surrounding field of operations is within the exclusive possession of the tenant 1, it is apparent that the using the path through the cottage 1by tenant 2 and tenant 3 amidst of protests of the occupier is unlawful and illegal. But it is to be remembered that there should be continuous interference over a period of time with the claimants use or economic consumption of land. ... Now we shall look into the given case and shall ascertain how these three tenants liable to each other. represent cottage 1 The tenant of cottage 1 faces difficulties in using the path through his garden by the other tenants. Since the cottage 1 and its surrounding area is within the exclusive possession of the tenant 1, it is obvious that the using the path through the cottage 1 by tenant 2 and tenant 3 amidst of protests of the occupier is unlawful and illegal. But it is to be remembered that there should be continuous interference over a period of time with the claimants use or enjoyment of land. This aspect is well explained in the case of British Celanese v Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd (3).Cost cottage 2 The same aspect which is mentioned in cottage 1 can be applied here. If the tenants of cottage 1 and cottage 3 faces the problem of wandering the chickens of tenant 2 and it causes nuisance to these tenants ,their complaint should be considered.Cost Cottage 3 The general principle in the common law that anyone can realise or use whatever he likes upon his land. If the effect is to interfere with the open-eyed, air or view of his neighbor, that is his misfortune. The owners right to build can be restrained only by covenant or the acquisition of an easement of light or air for the benefit of windows or apertures on adjoining land. This point is explained in the case hunting watch v Canary Wharf Ltd. Here in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. British Celanese v Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd 1969 2 wholly ER 1253 3this case the tenant of cottage 3 has the right to buy anything

Three common physiological disorders manifested in developing Coursework

Three common physiological dis targets manifested in underdeveloped countries - Coursework ExampleThe most common physiological disorders manifested in developing countries include diabetes, hypertension (high melodic line pressure) and Alzheimers disease. High blood pressure is often regarded as silent killer receivable to its significant risk for causing partiality attacks. Similarly, diabetes caused by change magnitude content of sugars in blood and Alzheimers disease caused by mental disorders much(prenominal) as loss of memory affect human health on a wide scale. The fast rise of casualties due to these chronic or so-called non-communicable diseases has surpassed casualties due to other diseases in the people of developing countries and has been listed by Geneva-based World Health Organization (WHO) in their report on global health, to be vulcanized properly and on urgent basis.Diabetes, one of the prominent metabolic syndrome, occurs when level of glucose (sugars) in bl ood gets increased (Haslam and James, 2005) either due to inadequate production of insulin or inability of body to respond to insulin and even sometimes, due to combination of both factors. The common treatments available to cure for this disease include treatment with insulin in order to control blood sugars along with increased physical activities and stringent control on diet and weight. The use of a balanced and nutritious diet that is low in fat,cholesterol, and simple sugars may be rather helpful in regulating levels of blood sugars. Diabetes can be monitored by checking blood glucose levels on periodic basis. It can be screened in patient due to its easy recognizable symptoms such as public urination, intense thirst and hunger, weight gain, injuries that do not heal, tingling in hands and feet, male knowledgeable dysfunction and fatigue. Diabetes is closely linked to increase in obesity which may further lead to some(prenominal) cardiovascular diseases. During diabetes, the glycosylation (addition of sugars) of some advanced

Managing Oneself and What You Dont Know About Making Decisions, Term Paper

Managing Oneself and What You Dont Know About Making Decisions, - Term Paper ExampleI stool surely say that I am good at management because I was in charge of my own salon and spent 32 years running it. My management skills thus were growth gradually year after year as I was gaining much and more experience. I can surely get on well with colleagues and subordinates with the help of courtesy and efficient communicative skills. I was unceasingly aware of the internal atmosphere in my salon because I often communicated to the people who worked there. I everlastingly projected effective delegation of responsibilities to be an important aspect of good management. It is crucial to feel how approve, encourage ad criticize employees without hurting anyone. People need to know that their efforts will contribute to the general success that is why I aimed to underline my workers achievements when appropriate. The most difficult part for me was to learn how to distribute tasks and respons ibilities among employees equally and how to maintain changeless balance.Moreover, it was crucial for me to arrange effective communication within a team at my absence. I consider leadership skills to be the core of good management and I can say that my leadership proficiency and abilities required a lot of efforts and time to get improved. Leadership presupposes abilities to organize and to motivate team and assert its performance (Leatherman, 2010). It was a challenge for me to create a team out of people who did not know each other and could not rely on each other but after both(prenominal) preparation and time I managed to build trust and create clarity among my colleagues. Nevertheless, there is still well necessity to enhance my existing strengths to make my performance even more efficient. First, I would pay more attention to the effective criticism which is a part of my communication skills. Being a leader requires an world power to criticize subordinates from time to t ime and

Fs3010c Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fs3010c - Essay ExampleFinancial institutions with significantly lifesizer subprime owe portfolios then faced difficult situations in managing the losses and consequently went out of business owing to large losses sustained as a result of mass scale defaults by subprime borrowers.There atomic number 18 various reasons as to why financial institutions failed and consensus have now emerged that it was the failure of financial regulatory dodging of developed countries that resulted into the excessive risk taking by financial institutions. This excess risk taking therefore resulted into the failure of some financial institutions. What is also critical is the fact that systematic failure of financial institutions created invalidating impact on the economy and system as a whole experienced bank runs also. Yankee Rock was one of the glaring examples of the failure of financial institution resulted due to imprudent risk focussing policies and practices. This paper will therefore provi de an in-depth overview of the failure of Northern Rock and whether it was due to failure of regulatory agencies?It is generally believed that the financial crisis started as a result of subprime borrowers who failed to pay on their obligations when they became due. Subprime borrowers are those borrowers who normally do not fall into the acceptable category of borrowers due to their poor credit history. However, subprime borrowers also offer an opportunity to financial institutions to earn higher returns because of their high risk and most of the financial institutions jumped on this opportunity and started to supply in subprime market extensively.Most financial institutions however, also securitized their mortgage portfolios including subprime portfolios in order to recoup their fluidness drained as a result of lending to subprime borrowers. Most of financial institutions however, found themselves in confine in this complex web as their repayment capacity against mortgage baked securities was

I Think, Therefore I am Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I Think, Therefore I am - Essay ExampleThis means that he is allowing credibility to only his consciousness and cognitive powers, and not to that of any other objective audience. Indeed his manner leaves no room for the derivation of a third-person truth, which would require the acknowledgement of premises beyond the perceiving beings conscious self.Descartes arrives into this sixth sense into the nature of existence after undergoing the three waves of doubt. The first of these brings up the fact that knowledge based on sensory inputs has not always been shown up as reliable. The second is a doubt that all that we inhabit and feel, indeed, our very existence itself maybe only a dream, because a lot of our thoughts that take place bandage dreaming, are not in fact real, but they are very similar to our waking thoughts. The third, and the about diabolical one of them all, is that we may be the subject of deception by an evil demonic specialty that presents to us as irrefutable kn owledge, that which is not true at all.The conclusion of I think, Therefore I am, has been criticized on various grounds.

Impacts of Rising Production of Biofuels on Economy Essay

Impacts of Rising Production of Bio dismisss on Economy - Essay slipAgricultural development would make Biofuel s production little high. However, farmers would be in a rig to produce high amount of corps. Biofuel demand would also be increased as it is better anoint direct alternative of oil & gasoline. Oil market is direct competitor of Biofuel renewable energy. However, lower oil charges would put significant influence on biofuel price. In other case, if oil prices set at higher level. However, demand for biofuel would definitely get improved. Vehicle fuel consumption is increasing on daily basis. race therefore give importance to cheap energy sources. Today, farmers have been with improved agricultural and conversion productivity. Eventually, higher energy prices in the 2000s combined with subsidies and low fodder prices made biofuel profitable. Corn price is recently increased. Thereby, it go along to big losses to corn biofuel processors. Task B Consumer behavior has significant orientation with changing fuel preferences and corps prices. Vehicle engineering science hasnt improved yet. However, natural oil is on large case made base place for fuel consumption in engines. Consumer behavior has significant association with price fundamental concept. Income is inversely comparative to food prices. Whenever, food prices go up then one has to knuckle under off little more for same things. Biofuel consumption would make people uneasy as food prices would be increased in the result of biofuel production. Natural oil is also vital reason excessively higher prices. It directly impacts on transportation charges. However, farmers have to pay off big amount of their mesh in taxes. This makes them to charge balance user little more amount. Eventually, this particular phenomena leads market trends to settle... This essay investigates the signification of microeconomics fundamental principles, pertaining to biofuel production. This essay also analyze s the price influence of crops on a single person income level. This call for discussed the sources of biofuel, which includes vegetable, animal fats, and short chain aliphatic alcohols. Biofuel generation often leads to produce byproduct along archetype products including soaps, alcohol, glycerin, and trace amount of water.Consumer behavior has significant orientation with changing fuel preferences and corps prices. Vehicle technology hasnt improved yet. However, natural oil is on large scale made base point for fuel consumption in engines. Consumer behavior has significant association with price fundamental concept. Income is inversely proportional to food prices. Whenever, food prices go up then one has to pay off little more for same things. Biofuel consumption would make people uneasy as food prices would be increased in the result of biofuel production. Natural oil is also vital reason besides higher prices. It directly impacts on transportation charges. However, farmers hav e to pay off big amount of their earnings in taxes. This makes them to charge end user little more amount. Eventually, this particular phenomena leads market trends to settle equilibrium little away from satisfactory level. Biofuel is unconditionally helpful for such people, who dont earn enough to support their daily expenditures. regimen prices wouldnt increase with same proportionate of fuel prices.

Prisoner of War Camps in United States during World War 2 Essay

prisoner of War Camps in United States during World War 2 - Essay ExampleDescribing the typical disorientation and vulnerability of these German prisoners, historian Ron Robin writes, Captivity done for(p) all(prenominal) remnants of their predictable routine and hurled the surrendering troops into a maelstrom of disorder, uncertainty, and disg stimulate. . . . At every stage of the difficult journey from the temporary stockades in Europe and Africa to POW camps in the United States, the prisoners were systematically deprived of all remaining symbols of their past, pride, and identity. (Ron Robin, 1995)American and German prisoners experienced vastly different traveling conditions en route to their ageless camps. American captives were either marched on foot or jammed into 40-and-8 railroad box cars. Prisoners were sometimes locked in these cars for days, without sustenance, water, or any kind of sanitary facilities. The result, according to ex-POW Kenneth Simmons, was a trip th at would turn men into swine. (Simmons, 1960). compounding the danger was the friendly fire of Allied planes that had no way of knowing who was trapped inside their tar adheres. It is no exaggeration to compare this harrowing experience to the notorious Middle Passage endured by captive Africans on their way to slavery in the New World. German prisoners initially suffered similar dangers, but once safely on board ship creature comforts greatly improved, although they did face the possibility of being drop by their own U-boats. Once they had landed safely in the United States, German prisoners were amazed to go against the comfort of a Pullman car. The POW camps in U.S. were all over the country, while largely in Michigan, cod to the warm, mild climate. Starting with Michigan, POWs were generally at Fort Custer. They had all these POWs and there must have been 400-500 camped in there. Although in the camps, the POWs compute was to make Gerber baby food. They sowed all the vegetab les and after that grounded them into Gerber baby food. They were good workers. Two of such camps were Camp Owosso and Fort Custer in Michigan Camp Owosso in MichiganThe U.S. Government, during WWII setup a Prisoner of War Camp at the corner of M-21 and Carland Rd. The area was used as a dirt race track, but since it was not used during the war, it served as Camp Owosso. The prisoners were captured on the battlefields of Europe and Africa and after being brought to Owosso, were allowed to work on area farms, the Roach Canning Factory at Owosso or the Aunt Janes Pickle Factory on Easton Rd. near New Lothrup. Under the Emergency Farm Administration Labor Program, most prisoners chose to work and get paid, over staying confined in camp. The prisoners preferred working at the farms, as they given extra food and there had to be one guard for every 3 prisoners. They earned about 80 cents a day. The first prisoners were typical Nazis, but the later ones of 1945 had a different attitude. T hey preferred farm work if they had a chance. At the Canning Factory, corn, peas and tomatoes were canned there and the prisoners were transferred by truck to and from the plant each day. As they rode through town, they would bubble and holler and wave to anyone they saw. They apparently enjoyed being prisoners, far from

Cash Rate and Bank funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash ramble and Bank accompaniment - Essay Example keen-sighted term debt livelihood is a comparatively expensive source of funding than equity finding. This resulted in the rise in funding cost for major banks and consequently they were forced to increase their lodgment loan interest rolls relatively more than the rise in notes. RBA view also accepted this fact and considers the existing spread as new normal standard spread. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Cash Rate An Overview 4 Major Banks Funding and Costs of Funding 5 Pricing for risk and Variable admit Loan order set by Banks 6 Standard Variable Housing Lending Rates and Spreads 8 Conclusion 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Cash Rate An Overview Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) uses gold rate as a tool to control the pressure of ostentation in Australia. RBA targets to keep the inflation rate in and around 2% to 3%. This refers to the financial policy followed by RBA. RBAs monetary policy also includes curb ing unemployment rate and assuring a stable economic growth of the res publica as its other objectives. When the inflation rate goes beyond the target of RBA, the cash rate is enhanced. Otherwise RBA tries to compact the cash rate when it feels that inflation is not posing a great threat and Australia can have a faster economic growth. Since 2007, there has been a steady growth or hike in cash rate till the beginning of Global Financial Crisis (GFC) during mid 2008, when the cash rate was 7.25%. outset from September 2008 to September 2009, in one year the cash rate fell drastically to 3% figure. This was done by RBA to help Australian economy recover from the effects of GFC. Next from October 2009 onwards, the cash rate shows a steady increasing trend (Graph 1). Present cash rate is 4.25%, which is constant for the last 5 months (Reserve Bank of Australia, n.d.). Graph 1 Source (RBA, 2012, p.18) Major Banks Funding and Costs of Funding The funding bases of Australian banks are di verse. The primary sources of funding for the major banks in Australia are a) Deposits, b) Short term wholesale debt, c) Long term debt and d) securitization. Prior to GFC, the major banks had a stable funding unify. However, GFC had an adverse effect on the costs of funding of the banks derived from different sources. Since 2007, the major banks have shifted their focus away from short term debt and securitization. The funding mix now is composed of greater percentage of deposits and long term debt (Graph 2). It is so because they are considered to be relatively safer sources of funds. However, these being relatively expensive sources of funds, the cost of funding have increase considerably relative to the cash rate and money market rates relevant to it (Brown, et al., 2010). Graph 2 Source (RBA, 2012, p.30) Pricing for Risk and Variable Housing Loan Rates set by Banks Risks involved in contribute housing loans to the borrowers are an important consideration for banks in determin ing the variable housing loan rate. Since 2007, the spread of banks lending rates on all the loan products offered by them relative to the cash rate have increased (Graph 3). The increase in these interest rates varied across different types of loans depending on the banks perception about(predicate) the credit risk of the borrowers and the pace with which each type of loan can be re-priced

Professional Communication at the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Professional Communication at the Workplace EssayInterpersonal communicating is essenti solelyy the sub of discourse between mavin person(s) and a nonher. Like any other form of intercourse, social communicating involves the vector of the message and the pass receiver of the message. The message peck lone(prenominal) be passed correctly if both the sender and the recipient pass it correctly and understand individually other. I ready for a voluntary group at the University. This group aims at reaching out to the less fortunate both in the institution and the club gener e rattling last(predicate)y. We do not offer financial help as much(prenominal) only instead focalization on the abilities of the citizenry we interact with and give them the necessary counsel and advice they need. In this panache, we give them ideas on how they can actually help themselves out financially. This geological formation involves a solidifying of interaction, both within ourselves as the members of the formation and alike between us and the pack we interact with. As such there is a covey of interpersonal communication that goes on. The group consists of a total of ten members, and as they say, we argon ilk our fingers we get in different sizes and lengths, not literally but in terms of age, personalities, gender, ending, spiritual orientation and corporeal abilities and disabilities. This whole structure of diversity makes communication, biticularly interpersonal communication, an issue worth debate. This is because the way we choose to submit within ourselves and others is bound to affect our service deli real either positively or negatively. The fol first-class honours degreee part of the theme go outing critically analyze each of these factors mentioned above that makes us diverse in our communication, interpersonal communication.CITATION Joh12 p 56 l 1033 (Johnson, 2012, p. 56)AgeThe voluntary group I work for is uttermost(a)ly diversified w hen it comes to age, with members from the extreme sides of the age spectrum. The oldest member in the group is aged forty seven, while the young personest is seventeen. Most of the members, about 70 percent, are aged between seventeen and twenty five. The main reason behind this is the fact that the organization requires the participation of both the old and young. For instance, the young and vibrant group, which forms the majority of the group, is required to move up and smoothen and interact with the raft we look forward to offering our help to. The older group is mostly compound ion critically analyzing our case studies and give direction on the best way forward. It is therefore not mild to hold a conversation between these two groups that are different in terms of age. For instance, young mess depart always base their ideas on what social media says. They entrust go with current trends since that are what they are familiar with and immediately make a decision. The olde r group will look at trends on a much historical point of view and analyze historical events in proportion to the topic of discussion before coming up with a remedy. The young members, moreover, make pass with a lot of slang because as much as this organization is based on official business, it is also a social and interactive group as well. This way, the message at epochs is not passed tellingly from one person(s) to another. The consequence of this communication gap is that the goals of the organizations are not at all times met and therefore cleverness is not achieved as well.CITATION Ric01 p 76 l 1033 (Pircadi, 2001, p. 76)Perceived Emotions, Relationships and PersonalityOur personalities define us. We guard different personalities bonny as we are different in other aspects of our lives. The personality of a person is one involvement that psychologists stand proved beyond reasonable doubt that is rattling difficult to change. The personalities of a person will most of the time dictate the way in which they communicate. Some pot are introverts and as such they tend to keep to themselves. They listen more than they speak. They think more and learn more from their surrounding and the people around them. Others are outspoken and will speak more. They express themselves through speech. The relationship between or among people also influences communication. CITATION Joh12 l 1033 (Johnson, 2012)This I have witnessed in my voluntary work group. population tend to open up to those they are close with and give less details to the people they are not that close to. superstars family tends to know them better because of the blood relationship that exists as compared to outsiders. Finally, people perceive and express their emotions very differently. Jerry, a member of my voluntary group tends to hide his low moments in smiles. It is therefore not easy to tell what he is going through. I, on the other hand will always show it. I have no way to hide and it is communicated through my emotions. The way we react to how we feel will determine the way we communicate. There are those of us like Jerry who will submerge our sorrows in smiles and those like me who will communicate it exactly as it is. It is therefore very clear that we communicate our emotions very differently and this goes way back to our personalities.CITATION Joh02 p 94 l 1033 (Gray, 2002, p. 94)Spiritual OrientationThe world is serene of people with very diverse spiritual backgrounds. Spiritual background forms the foundation of the life of a person. more(prenominal) often than not, the behavior of a person is well explained by their religious beliefs. This is also the case with communication most of the time. Spiritual diversity will create diversity in speech and in communication generally. For instance, Moslems do not shake hands as a sign of greeting. Their greetings are always in form of speech. This is unlike other religions where people are allowed to shake han ds casually and even hug. mountain from strong religious backgrounds and those with advanced faith are also very cautious with their speech. They tend to stress their words before they spit them out, that is, they are sensitive in their speech so as not to hurt others. The voluntary group that I work with, or rather that I work for has all Christians but one Moslem, Rahima Nassir. She, in one way or another, communicates in a different way from the rest. Most of the time, she refers to the Allah, who is the Supreme Being according to her religion. This happens especially in cases where she tries to sound optimistic and give a hopeless situation hope. The voluntary group involves a lot of interaction and therefore we have to be warm as we interact with others. This is at times not very easy to achieve owing to the fact that just about religious beliefs have certain strains. Rahima is not the only one that subjects such challenges. as yet along the Christian front, there are var ious denominations which uphold different values. These values make the improvement to various situations very differently. CITATION Gai10 p 104 l 1033 (Forey, 2010, p. 104)GenderThe gender of a person also affects communication, curiously interpersonal communication. The female species has a different way of passing a message from the male species. One thing I love the most about my voluntary group is that we are balanced when it comes to gender. expose of a group of ten, we have five ladies and five gentlemen. This gives a ratio of one to one. However, this gender dissimilarity can at timers be a major setback in terms of communication. The Ladies, for instance would like to be addressed in a more slow way even when it comes to simple aspects such as greetings. Important to note is that communication does not involve only speech, there is verbal and non-verbal communication, all of which should be considered. Throughout the time that I spend with members of my organization, I have observed that men and women have very different modes and methods of communication. Most of the time, male members are very radical in their speech as well as their illustrations. Ladies have a different approach. They, more often than not, are very soft both in their speech and illustrations. It is for this reason that they (ladies) are extremely cautious in their speech. I also noted that the men speak fewer words as compared to the ladies. Ladies speak more, except in a few instances.CITATION Mar09 p 85 l 1033 (Gufey, 2009, p. 85)Person with DisabilityThey say disability is not inability. However, this part of the paper will view disability as a hindrance to communication to an extent. People with disabilities, physical disabilities for that matter, face a lot of challenges when it comes to passing a message effectively. This bottleneck is go about by not only the sender of the message but the recipient as well. The voluntary group that I work for or rather the members of the group that I work with experiences such challenges. In the group, there are two people with physical disabilities. Jerry is a deaf while Geoffrey is visually impaired. Of the two, I think Geoffrey has the most difficult time when it comes to communication. For one reason or the other, Geoffrey happened to be the secretary of the organization at some point in time. He therefore took minutes during meetings and did all the secretarial work. This position, I can say he deserved. Geoffrey is very brilliant besides being very diligent in his work. The main challenge that group faced was the translation of the brail recorded minutes. No one in the group understood brail talking to apart from Geoffrey himself. He was the only one that could read and understand the minutes. Consequently, he had to step down as secretary after a fortnight of good leadership. Jerry on the other hand, cannot communicate easily and effectively. As a matter of facts, he is most of the time misunderstood and the group experiences a lot of instances with miscommunication. fall guy language is not that easy to understand. This impacts negatively on the communication in the organization. Both Jerry and the rest of the members have a hard time in communicating. The importance of both Geoffrey and Jerry in the group can never be underestimated but then at times the challenges effective communication a tall order.CITATION Per08 p 119 l 1033 (Mcintosh, 2008, p. 119)cultureCulture is a very important aspect that should be put into consideration when it comes to effective communication. The culture of a member or members of a group determines how the message is conveyed and it also determines how the message is perceived. Culture affects communication to a very great extent simply because the culture of a person will dictate their style of communication. This means that the more diverse the cultures are, the more diverse their styles of communication. Though to a lower-ranking extent, there i s cultural diversity in our voluntary group. In essence we have people from diverse cultural group. For matters of convenience, I will describe the cultural diversity as high culture and low culture, not that any culture is more superior to another, but for explanatory purposes. For instance, Evelyn, the groups organizing secretary, is from the high culture. This category mainly focuses their communication on arts and by arts I mean it is more of music, drama et cetera. This category will therefore involve people with a very high admire since for one to be able to express themselves through arts they have to be extremely bold, just typical of Evelyn. On the contrary, the low culture category involves large audiences. A good illustration of how culture can affect communication is that in some cultures for instance, it is very vital to maintain eye gain during communication while in others eye contact can be seen as offensive and unacceptable. Barry, the hot seat of our voluntary g roup and Miley, our secretary are most of the time caught up in such a situation due to their religious differences.CITATION Jos14 p 92 l 1033 (Chesobro, 2014, p. 92)Conclusion and RecommendationsWith over seven billion people in the world, it is expected that people will differ in relation to various aspects of life. Even people from the same family, people with the same cultures, same religious beliefs and people from the same age group will at one point or the other differ. Communication, on the other is also very important. from each one and everything we do revolves around communication. No man is an island. This simply means we have to live harmoniously with each other. For this reason, communication is very important. This paper has not focused on intrapersonal communication but interpersonal communication since this is the way we interact with each other in our work places. Without effective interpersonal communication at our work places, it almost difficult to make any soc ial and economic progress. However, I have learnt from my work experiences at my voluntary group that diversities will always be there, they are there to stay. These are some aspects of life that we should accept them just in the way they come. We can never be the same. It is therefore very important to understand and embrace each of our diversities, placing our differences aside. From my own case study it is clear that communication is very important. It is equally clear that challenges must arise due to the diversities in various life aspects. Therefore, from my own experience, I would recommend that we respect the fact that we are not and can never be the same but try as well to burn any bridges that might exist as a result of the differences amongst us. We are one and shall always be one, despite our differences. Let us let communication to make us and not break us.References1033 Avery, C. (2001). The Flexible Workplace. newborn York New York University Press.Chesobro, J. (2014 ). Professional Communication at the Workplace. New York New York University Press.Eunson, B. (2009). Communication in the Workplace. New York Edgeworth Publishers.Forey, G. (2010). Globalization, Communication in the Workplace. Oxford University Press.Gray, J. (2002). Mars and Venus in the Workplace. Oxford University Press.Gufey, M. E. (2009). Essentials of Business Communication. New York New York University Press.Johnson, J. (2012). Solving Problems in Technical Communication. Oxford University Press.Mcintosh, P. (2008). Interpersonal Communication In The Workplace. New York New York University Press.Muema, T. (2007). Effects of Poor Communication in the Workplace. Miley and Sons Publishers.Pircadi, R. (2001). Skills of Workplace Communication. New York New York University Press.Source roll

A Teacher Essay Essay Example for Free

A T each(prenominal)er prove EssayBeing a public sh all(prenominal)ow teacher is really one of the most challenging c atomic number 18rs, precisely it is absolutely the most important profession there is. After all, without teachers, there wouldnt be any former(a) professions As a teacher, you create the foundation for your students upon which they pass on build the rest of their lives. You are not besides influencing the future of your own students, but you are affecting the collective future of all of humanity for generations to come.You may not be able to see the long-term affect that you ease up on your students, but you are writing on the pages of who they believe they are, what they believe they are capable of, and who they go out choose to be and become. This entrust determine what they choose to stick out to the world, which will have an impact on shaping the world of tomorrow for all of us. We each touch and affect countless others throughout the course of a lifetime. Everything we say, olfactory property and do has a ripple effect that influences the present and the future of the collective consciousness on Earth.As a teacher, you have the ability to have a profound impact on your students lives in the present and remote into the future. Think back on the teachers you had in your youth, and think of the ones that had the hugeest impact on your life, both haughtyly and negatively. How did they help shape your ideas about yourself and about the world? Did they contribute to your self-esteem, or to your self-doubts? Being a teacher takes great patience, strength, courage, stamina, compassion, intelligence, humor, kindness, caring, heart, generosity, etc.It often involves a great deal of self-sacrifice as well, because unfortunately, our present golf-club greatly undervalues this most noble of professions. Those who choose a career of beingness a teacher do so knowing that they will face great challenges with little financial reward . You must therefore recall the rewards of this career in other bearings, by knowing that you are giving your students the tools with which they fag succeed at life. Our present educational system in North America, and in other parts of the world, is antiquated and stale, difference most students and teachers feelinguninspired.Memorizing facts for tests is not learning. Knowledge is a living, growing thing, and in order to truly learn, the wit must be engaged with passion and interest. The ideal teaching environment is one in which the students are able to think, ask questions, and explore the relevance that the information has in real life, and the impact it may have on their own lives. Young people must know why it is important for them to know what is being taught to them, otherwise it will simply feel like a waste of time, and they will be bore and disinterested.In North America, we have developed a terrible apathy toward education, and many students feel that school is no t cool. In Africa, children are begging to have an opportunity to go to school, because they know that education is the describe to the future. Oprah Winfrey recognizes how important education is she honors teachers everywhere as unsung heroes, and has been funding the building of schools in Africa because she believes that education and association empower people to create a more than successful life.In our present North Ameri rotter school system, being in a classroom give the gate be very tiring and run out for both the teachers and the students. As a teacher, you keep giving energy continually to your students, but if nothing is approaching back to you, it can feel demoralizing and even depressing, which can lead to burnout. It is important for you as a teacher to find ways to keep you and your students move and inspired. Most people do not sustain the full impact that teachers have on students. Teachers have the ability to support a persons self-esteem, or to revoke it .Many young people may be experiencing devastating pain at home, either physically, emotionally, mentally or even spiritually, so school may be the only place where they can learn support and boostment. This is particularly true of bad kids, who are often suffering greatly at home, and as a result, they begin to live down to other peoples expectations of them. If they are labeled as bad, then they will feel bad and will do bad things because that is who they have come to believe they are.As a teacher, you can foster and encourage your students (and yourself) tohave a strong desire to succeed in school, and in life. The ideal classroom environment is one that inspires co-operation, rather than competition. In life, as each one wins, we all win, because the joy of one raises the vibration of the collective consciousness for us all. We have a situation in schools today, particularly in public schools, where everyone wants to be the same, and no one wants to stand out. Therefore, we m ust try to encourage them all to be outstanding One of the ways you can do this is to encourage your students to be stars.This can be challenging with older students because they will act like everything is stupid and they dont care, but they really do care. You can create a board with the name of everyone in your class, including yours, and have gold stars that you can receive on the board next to each persons name as they accomplish any positive achievement, including teamwork and positive effort. Although you may have to pay for this out of your own pocket, it is very inexpensive and will repay great rewards for all concerned.Perhaps the students can even piddle stars to each other, to you, and to themselves for any positive accomplishment. You can give stars out for grades, but also for class participation, for effort, for improvement, for attitude, for citizenship, for extra credit, etc. You could even further motivate the students by having a play day or pizza day when the c lass collectively gets a certain number of stars. You dont have to pay for this yourself, you can have a collection jar where the students can contribute their own money to such a reward celebration.Ideally, you want to make teaching fun and honor for you, and have learning be fun and rewarding for your students, so be as creative as possible. Rewards dont have to require money, but feeling like a star can create unnumerable rewards for life. You can encourage your students to make a star chart for themselves at home, or better that (with their parents permission), to put gold stars on their mirror whenever they have a sense of accomplishment or overcoming challenges that way they can start to see themselves as a star on a daily basis.I would recommend this for you aswell, and for everyone. A positive, inspiring and encouraging environment has infinite positive ripple effects. You can make your classroom into an oasis where I and my students can all feel good about yourselves. Th is will create positive energy that keeps growing, which will energize you instead of draining you. If you inspire your students, you will feel inspired, and vice versa. Likewise, if you motivate them, you will feel motivated, and vice versa. Encourage your students to work together and to be self-motivated, so that all the energy is not just coming from you.Foster group work and group discussion, where each person has a sense of making an important theatrical role to the whole. The more fun and interesting you can make it for you and your students, the more you will all put into it, so you will all get more out of it and want to be there. As a teacher, you are the cornerstone of our society, and you make the greatest contribution there is to changing and affecting our world. I applaud you, and everyone in your profession. May you be inspired to inspire, motivated to motivate, and encouraged to encourage.

Watergate Scandal Essay Example for Free

Watergate poop EssayThe Watergate Scandal is one of the most crucial and controversial mo handsts in United States history, proving to be super influential in both constitutional and political concerns. What began as a seemingly simple burglary dour out to be a revelation of the abuse of power of the Chief Executive and the violations of the rights of the citizens. It eventuall(a)y resulted in the firstborn resignation of an American chairwoman. The name Watergate is the term designated to collectively identify the scandal and controversy that border the Nixon administration (Patterson 64 Watergate). The scandal began with the burglary which occurred on June 17, 1972, as five men forced entry into the furnish of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The DNC office was situated at the Watergate building in Washington, D. C. In the beginning, the burglary was non highly publicized. However, there were two reporters from the Washington Post that persistently followed the s tory they were Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward (Washington Post Watergate). Woodward concisely learned that the burglars were from Miami they used surgical gloves in the burglary and left with a significant sum of money (Washington Post).Bernstein and Woodward briefly hited on other reports which began to reveal more about the nature of the burglary (Washington Post). It was later revealed that one of the burglars was mob McCord he was involved in the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) (Patterson 64 Washington Post). Afterwards, President Richard Nixon and his chief of staff H. R. Haldeman began prep ways in which the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) can persuade the Federal Bureau of probe (FBI) to discontinue the investigation regarding the burglary (Washington Post).Some weeks after, the two reporters observed that the grand jury responsible for the burglary investigation had move to obtain the testimony of two officials that previously worked in the Nixon White H ouse (Washington Post). These men were E. Howard Hunt, who used to work for the CIA, and G. Gordon Liddy, who used to work for the FBI. Hunt and Liddy participated in the burglary through the use of walkie-talkies situated in one of the hotel board across the building, they used the said device to guide the burglars.In September 1972, Hunt, Liddy, McCord and the four other burglars were supercharged with burglary, conspiracy and wiretapping (Patterson 64). District solicit Judge buns J. Sirica was the presiding judge for the case, and he convicted all seven men who received prison term sentences (Patterson 64). The Washington Post reporters continued their thorough inquiry into the burglary issue. Bernstein proceeded to Miami, wherein he discovered that a check worth $25,000 that was intended for the reelection campaign of Nixon was deposited in one of the burglars bank account (Washington Post). agree to the report, the check was received by Maurice Stans he was the former Secr etary of Commerce which also became the chief fundraiser for Nixon. This is the first time that a direct link between the burglary and the reelection campaign funds of Nixon was discovered. All the important inside information that Washington Post used in their reports were taken from a reliable anonymous source that was referred to as Deep Throat (Washington Post Watergate). The identity of this source was only revealed in 2005 it turned out to be W. Mark Felt, the deputy director for the FBI during the Watergate scandal (Washington Post Watergate).The Washington Post stories continued its investigation, and soon it brought to swooning the involvement of several of Nixons closest aides (Washington Post Watergate). These included John N. Mitchell, a former U. S. attorney General and assistant to the CRP director John W. Dean III, a counsel to the White House John Ehrlichman, a White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs and Haldeman. In February 1973, the U. S. Senate create d a military commission to be lead by North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin, to investigate the issue at hand.On April 30, 1973, as the reports regarding the White House involvement with Watergate burglary intensified, Nixon made public the resignations of Haldeman and Ehrlichman, as well as the sack of Dean (Washington Post Watergate). Richard Kleindienst, the U. S. Attorney General, also submitted his resignation (Watergate). The Senate investigation also intensified (Patterson 64). Aside from the Committee, the investigation now included Judge Sirica, Bernstein and Woodward, and Archibald Cox. Elliot Richardson succeeded Kleindienst as attorney general, and Cox was the special prosecutor assigned by Richardson (Watergate).In May 1973, the hearings of the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities began. Dean told the committee that the burglary was the brainchild of Mitchell. He also claimed that Nixon himself released money to silence the burglars (Watergate). However, the most crucial step in the investigation was the testimony of horse parsley Butterfield (Watergate). Butterfield was a former staff member in the White House (Patterson 64). On July 16, 1973, he testified that Nixon staged for a system to be installed which enabled all conversations to be tape recorded (Watergate).Immediately, the Senate Committee sought to dumbfound the tapes (Patterson 64). The former subpoenaed eight tapes as included in Deans testimony (Watergate). Nixon used Executive Privilege as an excuse to not to release the tapes he also attempted to have Cox fired (Patterson 64). On October 20, 1973, Richardson resigned in protest of Nixons efforts to have Cox fired (Patterson 64 Watergate). Even William Ruckelshaus, the Deputy Attorney General, resigned. In the end, it was Solicitor General Robert Bork who fired Cox. The series of events was later known as the Saturday Night Massacre (Patterson 64 Watergate).On November 1, Leon Jaworski became the new special prosecutor (Patterson 64 Watergate). Nixon did submit the tapes to Judge Sirica, but some conversations were wanting while one tape had an 18-minute gap caused by erasures (Watergate). In March 1974, seven men, including Haldeman, Ehrlichman and Mitchell, were indicted for conspiracy to retard justice with regards to the Watergate cover up (Patterson 64 Watergate). Soon, the House Judiciary Committee held its own investigation in April that same year, the tapes of 42 conversations in the White House were subpoenaed by the committee.Later that month, Nixon released instead edited transcripts (Watergate). The transcripts were not accepted by the committee, as it was not what they were asking for in the subpoena. Afterwards, Judge Sirica also subpoenaed for another desex of tapes. This time, it was those which contained the 42 conversations in the White House. The said tapes were to be used as evidence against the seven same officials. One again, Nixon failed to do so. This forced Jaworski to appeal to the Supreme Court (Patterson 64 Watergate). On July 24, The Supreme Court unanimously voted that Nixon release the tapes (Patterson 64 Watergate).The last few days of July 1974 was characterized by the efforts of the Judiciary Committee to summon Nixon (Watergate). The grounds for impeachment were the following obstruction of justice, abuse of presidential powers, and trying to impede the impeachment process by defying committee subpoenas (Patterson 64). On August 5, 1974, Nixon finally released the tapes in public (Patterson 64 Watergate). One of the said tapes revealed how Nixon was indeed culpable in attempting to hinder the FBI in investigating the Watergate burglary (Patterson 64).On August 9, 1974, President Richard Nixon resigned as chief decision maker (Patterson 64 Watergate). The Watergate scandal had extremely shattered the belief of the American community in their own president (Watergate). Even the U. S. Constitution was tested in this situation. However, the scandal proved that indeed the system of checks and balances was effective tolerable to detect the abuse in power. It also taught everyone a lesson regardless of the ones position in society, the law applies to all (Watergate). Hence, the Watergate scandal brought the downfall of an abusive president and the peoples belief in the presidency.However, it was also a victory for the American people, as justice was served to those at fault as justice was attained by those who fought for it.Works CitedPatterson, James T. Watergate. Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. 21 vols. New York Lexicon Publications, 1992. Watergate. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. 20 May 2008 http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761553070/Watergate. html. Washington Post. Part 1 The Post Investigates. The Watergate Story. 20 May 2008 http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part1. html.

Doctrine of Judicial Precedent Essay Example for Free

Doctrine of Judicial agent EssayIntroductionStatutes and grimace natural fairness ar two signifi smoket sources of the UK law. In the convention of vernacular law, the law utilize to a case is decided through profound author and statutory explanation. in that respect merchant ship be effectiveness of judicial antecedent and statutory interpretation in separation as well as when they are combined in the pay offment of law. To what extend bum a referee develop the law through the operation of philosophical system of judicial precedent and performance to the draw reins of statutory interpretation leave behind be discussed in this assignment. In the first place, this assignment will give an introduction to judicial precedent and statutory interpretation. In the second place, how washbowl judicial precedent and statutory interpretation develop the law will be analysed and evaluated. Eventually, the conclusion of this assignment will be given.Judicial precedent, a social occasion whereby resolve follow preceding case with sufficiently similar features, regulates case law, which is crucial to protect law stability. As MacCormick said to understand case law is to understand how it is that particular finishs by particular settle concerning particular parties to particular cases endure be used in the construction of general rules slanging to the actions and transactions of persons at large. (James, 2010) Judicial precedent applies to the principle of stare decisis.That is to not disturb the conclusivenesss that are settled. For instance, through the stare decisis, the hearthstone of Lords held that the manufacturers owed a duty of keeping to their ultimate consumers of their goods in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), creating a binding precedent followed in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936) in respects of duty of care and neighbor principle. The binding precedent is a legal principle formed by the ratio decidendi, the reason for the finality. This means that the ratio decidendi must be followed with the recognition of the legal reason for the decision in the previous case (Jacqueline, 2010). The remainder of a judgment is Obiter dicta. It is a statement made by the way, which though is not binding notwithstanding can be persuasive in the future cases.Statutory interpretation is the motion of how the statutes interpreted and applied by a judge. There are four approaches developed to deal with the occupation of interpretation, including verbal rule, golden rule, roguery rule and purposive rule. When literal rule is applied, the quarrel in the statutes are given their dictionary, original or everyday nub, with the respect to the will of parliament. For instance, in Whitley v Chappell (1868), with the application to literal rule, the judicial system held that the defendant was not guilty since a dead person is not, in the literal meaning of the word, entitled to vote. Golden rule was defi ned in Grey v. Pearson4 (1857), the ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless it would lead to absurdity, when the ordinary sense may be modified to avoid the absurdity but no further.One of the illustrated cases is Re Sigsworth (1935). A son murdered his mother entitled to nothing since the apostrophize applied golden rule to modification to prevent repugnancy and absurdity. Instead of determining what the Parliament said, the Mischief rule is applied to what Parliament meant. The Mischief rule was applied in Smith v Hughes (1871). Lord Parker CJ held that the activities of harlotry were in a street or unexclusive place for the intension of the numeral to prevent the mischief of the impact of solicitation on the passers by. With a wider application, purposive rule is aimed to give promotion to the general legislative purpose emphasizing the provisions.Lord Denning verbalise we sit here to find out the intention of Parliament and of ministers and carry it out, and we do this better by filling in the gaps and making sense of the enactment by opening it up to destructive analysis. In Cutter v Eagle Star (1998), kinda of literal rule, purposive rule is applied, holding that car park was a road, which underlies the Road Traffic Act (1988). Also, a purposive approach is now often applicable as a result of European Law. (James, 2010) Examples and evaluations of developmentThe judicial precedent is regarded as the backbone of the common law whereas approaches of statutory interpretation view as developed as significant tools in interpreting the statutes. Furthermore, there has been a notable synergy amidst judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in the development of law.First of all, the development of law can be achieved by applying a suitable decision from previous cases with similar materials. In the case of Shaw v DPP (1962) the House of Lords held that a crime of conspiracy to corrupt public morals existed. The conspiracy to corrup t public morals consisted of an agreement to corrupt public morals by means of the magazine, and the defendants had been rightly convicted. This was followed in Knuller v DPP (1973), being held that an agreement to publish adverts to facilitate the commission of homosexual acts between adult males in hush-hush was a conspiracy to corrupt public morals (E- lawresources, N/D).Therefore, with the application to doctrine of judicial precedent, the decision in a previous case can be applied to similar cases in the future, which therefore can contribute to the development of law in terms of quantity, induction and stability. In addition, since consistent decisions are provided, the law is more possible to ensure fairness, and the citizens can be more willing to trust the law with confidence of being treated fairly. On the other hand, it is said that the doctrine of judicial precedent can be too rigid, as there seems to be a tendency that the binding precedent will be strictly applied i n the decisions of cases. Also, since there are no uniform cases, the operation of the doctrine of judicial precedent may lead to a certain degree of injustice, leaving limited quadruplet for the development of law.However, the rigidity of judicial precedent can be avoided in practice through the exceptions of decisions including application of overrule and distinguishing (James, 2010). As Posner (1990) claimed judges follow the previous decisions of their court when they agree with them or when they deem legal stability more important in the circumstances than getting the law right. But a precedents figurative significance means simply that the precedent contains information relevant to the decision of the present case. (Richard, 1990) Despite adjacent the precedent strictly, judges are able to change the decisions in cooperation with facts.The Practice Statement was made by Lord Gardiner in1966, allowing the House of Lord to change its previous decision when it appears right t o do so in an attempt to achieve justice (Jacqueline, 2010). To illustrate, in Miliangos v George Frank (Textile) Ltd (1976), the House of Lord overruled Re unify Railways. In the case of Re United Railways (1961), it had been held that all debts were to be paid in sterling in an English civil case. In the case of Miliangos v George Frank (Textile) Ltd, the House of Lords held that damages could be awarded in any other foreign currency in the contract, due to the changes in conditions of foreign exchange (Vaughan, 2010). This was stated as the existing reason ceased now for a rule by Lord Denning (Michael, 2004).Distinguishing is another proficiency used by judges in order to avoid a previous binding decision that may cause inconvenient or unsuitable results. The case Balfour v Balfour (1919) is often cited in jointure with Merritt v Merritt (1970) by way of illustration of how distinguishing works. In both of the cases, a wife sued her husband for split of contract. In Balfour v Balfour, based on the fact that the parties had not yet been divorced when the agreement was formed, the court held that there was no enforceable agreement, owing to a rebuttable presumption against intention to create a legally domestic agreement. In the case of Merritt v Merritt, however, the claim was successful.The court was able to distinguish the material deviation between two cases. Lord Denning stated that When husband and wife, at arms length, decide to assure and the husband promises to pay a sum as maintenance to the wife during the separation, the court does, as a rule, impute to them an intention to create legal relations. (Zander, 2004) As a result, the appeal from the husband in this case was dismissed. The exceptions of decisions enable the judges to be more flexible in relation of following or refusing former decisions from similar cases, which seems to extend the power of the law lords to create law and the space for the development of law. However, it may flow the level of law certainty and predictability.Regardless of the role statutory interpretation plays in helping judges deal with the task of interpreting statutes, the application and development among the four rules of statutory interpretation can uphold law to adapt to changing needs. In practice, judges are continually applying the existing rules to new fact situations and thus being able to keep pace with the changes of society. Firstly, approaches to statutory interpretation can attribute to the creativeness and flexibility of law. Applying purposive rule, the court of the case of Royal College of Nursing v DHSS (1981) held that the Abortion Act 1967 aimed at preventing the mischief of back-street abortions where no medical care was provided. Therefore, with the advancement of medical technology, abortion became legal to be administered by nurses. (James, 2010)In addition, rules of statutory interpretation can ensure the willing of Parliament. Judges cannot make law, whic h is the role of Parliament, however, they can and do try to give effect to Parliaments intentions by using statutory interpretation. For instance, in the case of R v Registrar General ex parte Smith (1991), purposive rule was applied instead of literal rule due to the fact that the applicant was confirmed to be dangerous to his natural mother by a psychiatrist and Parliament could never have intended to promote such serious crime. Consequently, the applicant was failed to obtain his birth certificate (Jacqueline, 2010). Approaches to statutory interpretation provide opportunities for judges to apply to different rules flexibly based upon the facts and the intention of Parliament. However, increases of flexibility and creativity of law may cause decreases of certainty and consistency.Last but not least, as two major aspects of the UK law, the interrelationship of the doctrine of judicial precedent and the rules of statutory interpretation are significant to the development of law. For example, in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Ltd (1953), there is a technical legal meaning of offer for sale. With the application to literal rule, the boast of goods in a store shelf was held as an invitation to treat but not an offer to sell. This decision was followed in Fisher v Bell (1961). The court held that the display of product in a keep going window was an invitation to treat and thus there was no violation of the Act. (James, 2010)ConclusionAs a consequence, with doctrine of judicial precedent, previous cases can be applied to cases with similar facts in the future, whereas with statutory interpretation, different decisions can be made with choices of different rules depending on different facts. The synergy between these two aspects produces certainty, elasticity and grab space for the gradual development of law. In conclusion, although a degree of rigidity and instability might pass away in the progress of law development. Judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in combination can attribute to an increased level of certainty, consistency, flexibility, and elasticity of the law, creating an appropriate space for a gradual development of law.Bibliography1.James, H., 2010, erudition Legal Rules2.Jacqueline, M., 2010, Unlocking The English Legal System3.E-lawresources, N/D, Internet Available from http//www.e-lawresources.co.uk Accessed 11 /11/ 2012 4.Richard, A, P., 1990, The Problems of Jurisprudence5.Vaughan, B., 2010, external Currency Claims in the Conflict of Laws 6. Michael, Z., 2004, The Law-Making Process

Working Capital Simulation Essay Example for Free

Working Capital Simulation EssaySELECTION CRITERIAIn selecting what preference to select the team came up with the following criteria 1.) Selected option should lead to a reduction in working(a)s cap need and reduce short frontier debt in the process. 2.) Selected option should reduce the Cash variation Cycle. 3.) Selected option should free up locked capital in receivables and inventories. 4.) Selected option should lead to a adjust working capital policy in the long run.SELECTED OPTIONSWe decided to tighten accounts receivable and usher out poorly marketing products because they yielded a percentage decrease in working capital requirement larger than their percentage drop in sales. Also these 2 options fit all the selection criteria we stated above. pecuniary RESULTS AND LEARNINGSThe options we chose led to a 44% drop in working capital requirement, drop from 159 days to 128 days in the silver conversion cycle and a 87% drop in debt. Overall we met our expectations of reducing working capital requirement and freeing up additional capital. EBIT has dropped immediately but by 2015 net income was higher by $8,000 despite the drop in $255,000 drop in EBIT in 2013. This surprised the team as we did non expect that in the long run by improving the working capital requirements of the company we trim back costs and increase net income resulting to a total created value of $691,000 for the firm. Despite the immediate decrease in sales in 2013, the overall financial position of the company is better in the long run, and moreover we have a remaining credit limit of approximately $2.8 million which is almost equal to the initial amount of credit borrowed in 2012.PHASE 2SELECTION CRITERIAFrom the learnings and outcome of manikin 1 the following selection criteria was used 1.) Selected option should yield a percentage increase in saleswith a small percentage increase in working capital requirement. 2.) Selected option should not contribute to a significa nt degree in debt.SELECTED OPTIONSBased on our analysis we felt that options 1 and 2 fit the criteria we set for selection best. Combined they show a significant increase in EBIT with a lower increase in WCR. Although we foresee a significant increase in WCR we expression that the credit line we have and the amount of capital we freed from phase would be sufficient to reduce the electric shock of the additional WCR.FINANCIAL RESULTS AND LEARNINGSOur choices led to a constant increase in net income over the trine years. Short term debt increase by approximately 100% percent but steadily trim over the next three years. We were happy with the positive growth of the company and the fact that we were able to net off most of the initial short term funding required by the increase in working capital requirement. Overall the current situation of the company in 2018 is good, although the total value created is slight than 20% of that created in phase 1. From this we learned that the va lue of the firm can be significantly change magnitude more through a reduction in working capital requirement than through increase the firms sales and net income.PHASE 3SELECTION CRITERIAFor this phase we decided to shroud with the selection criteria from phase 1, and continue to try to increase sales with the minimum working capital requirement. We excessively decided to minimize risk and not go with options that have, however small, a chance of creating net losses for the company.SELECTION OPTIONSBased on our analysis we felt that renegotiation of supplier credit terms would have a significant reduction to costs, give that most of the other suppliers would also agree to the new terms. Even though the company would need additional working capital we felt that the benefits outweigh the additional funding needed. And given the current credit line utilization andincreased lucrativeness of the company we thought that this was a goodly option to take. We also took the global exp ansion strategy because from a strategic management point of reckon it seemed like the next step to take in order to increase the companys profitability in the long run. We again felt that we have sufficient credit and capital to venture into this expansion.FINANCIAL RESULTS AND LEARNINGSThere was a significant increase in net income but marginal increases in the win 3 years. The most significant impact was in the short term debt wherein projected short term debt in 2021 would be zero, which make us very happy. This means that the company is nearing our goal of having a zero working capital requirement. This zero short term debt would also mean increased profits, and would improve our groovy relation with the bank. Our final firm value is $4,259,000 which is significantly higher than it was in 2012. Overall we felt that we made the right decisions and our selection criteria were spot on. Value is not only generated in sales, but also in working capital requirement. And through th is exercise we also confirmed that firms with efficient working capital requirement would be the most competitive in the market.

Participants in the study Essay Example for Free

Participants in the chew over EssayOf the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks slice 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels. It is important to none that many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught and tempestuous at the essayer. Yet they continued to follow orders all the way to the end. So 65% of the participants in Milgrams study delivered the maximum shocks. T here were besides questions asked regarding the ethics of the study, if we compare it to the British Psychology Societys summary of ethics guidelines (1990) for the claim of mental experiments. General Distress Distress to participants must be avoided plainly does not seem to be the cocktail dress in this research with participants concerned they are harming the learner. Informed Consent this must be gained with an history of the research where ever possible. In this study to the give the participant a full explanation would not k right away had the results th at they got in the first place. They would have caused questions regarding the validity of the research. This therefore air currents us to- Deception They were not richly aware of what was going on or the aims and objectives of the research so at that placefore they were deceived. query Milgram fully debriefed the participants and did this extensively and out of all of the participants that 84% were glad to have participated, while only 1% regretted their involvement. The right to string the participant does have this right but this was not really the case here as here when a participant wanted to stop the experiment, the experimenter probed the subject to continue, pressure was added to continue the study so as not to affect the data. Protection of Participants now this is from both physical and psychological harm which was not the case in either component.This study would not be able to be completed today payable to the ethical issues affecting this but as you saw in the results that it did prove that people would obey raze after they opine its wrong. Now if we seem at Zimbardos (1971) in his study The Stanford Prison Experiment he was looking to see people conforming to social roles according to what people believe about a given posture. So for example this was how the prisoners would obey the guards orders if they believed that they were in jail. The reason that this appealed to Zimbardo was he was a former fork mate of Milgram and was interested in expanding on his research.Zimbardo set the experiment by first placing an advert in the paper asking for male students to participant in a prison life experiment. The students who applied there were 24 in total they were selected from larger group that had applied for the study because they had no psychological issues, checkup condition and no criminal backgrounds. They were all agreed to be in for one to two weeks for the experiment. The experiment was due to last two weeks but this had to be s topped early due to what was happening to the participants.The guards became scurrilous and prisoners began to show signs of extreme anxiety and stress. Neither the prisoners nor the guards were advised on how to interact with the each other. The guards began to behave the likes of real life guards but they were also aggressive towards the prisoners, and the prisoners became passive and depressed. Five of the prisoners began to experience such sinful negative emotions, that they had to be released from the study early. According to Zimbardo and his colleagues, experiment shows the powerful role that a situation evoke play in human behaviour.Because the guards were placed in a position of power, they began to behave in ship canal they would not normally in their everyday lives or in other situations. The prisoners, placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed. The experiment could like Milgrams could not be repeated by researchers today because it fails to meet the standards established by numerous ethical codes which I am going to look at now, by comparing the experiment to the British Psychology Societys summary of ethics guidelines (1990) for the conduct of psychological experiments.General Distress this was caused to both the prisoners and the guards, as the prisoners were humiliated and the guards became more and more aggressive which was caused by them lacking to do what they were supposed to do. Informed Consent This was again something that they were unable to do as this may have had an effect on the results of the experiment, the participants were aware of certain things like that they were part of a prison experiment but not the aims and objectives of the experiment.Deception due to the fact they the participants were not fully aware of what was going on and what was anticipate or wanted means there is a certain level of deception in the experiment. Debriefing Zimbardo did debrief all of the participants b ut there has been suggestions that this was not enough or a by dint of as Milgrams debriefing process. Right To Withdraw Like during the Milgram experiment the participants did have the right to withdraw but when they asked or showed that they wanted to leave they were persuaded to stay.Eventually a few of the participants had to be allowed to leave early as they were jump to show extreme stress. Protection of Participants this was the biggest area that was had ethics question raised, the participants were nether a lot of stress, they began to believe the things that were being said to them and how they were being spoken to, they began to lose their identity which again caused stress, many of the participants became emotional under this pressure and some even became aggressive. The guards were inflicting this on them but this was situational.The experiment came to an end early when another psychologist pull in on how far this had gone. Even Zimbardo himself said that he began t o believe that he was the prison warden not the lead psychologist. Despite the criticism that this study received it is still important in psychology and how a situation can influence behaviour. The study more recently was brought to light when there were questions being asked of soldiers treatment of prisoners in Abu Ghraib, and many people and even Zimbardo himself suggested that this may have been the real world example of what he was toilsome to achieve through research.To conclude there are many things that influence behaviour in people, die that be their own beliefs and opinions or other people being around them at the time, they way in which people work is very complex and the study although brilliant at the times with the break through that they made into the social side of psychology have raised questions over the ethical issues that are also something to be looked at.Today the studies would not have been able to take place and in some ways this is a shame as we would no t may be have had the knowledge that we have now because of them. Yet if they had thought of other ways around to come up with the same type of results then this would have been better for all of the subjects concerned. I think the research that was done was invaluable and that psychologists will constantly believe this just the questions over the methods leave a small black cloud over something preferably brilliant.ReferencesBooks Cardwell, Clark, Meldrum, Wadeley. Psychology A2 for AQA (Fourth Edition) HarperColins. Gross, Richard Psychology, the Science of Mind and Behaviour -Hodder and Stoughton Gross, Richard. , McIlveen, Rob. , Coolican, Hugh. , Clamp, Alan Russell, Julia. Psychology a new introduction for A2 Hodder and Stoughton. Websiteshttp//wilderdom.com

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services Essay Example for Free

good Pricing of Geo commercializeing net Services EssayAbstractGeomerchandising knowledge is in variationation which enables the substance absubstance abuser to dissipate bankrupt and faster decisions close to marketing and sales activities. The chief(prenominal) source of information be geographical, demographic, and statistic info. These data are normally gather uped and maintained by several institutions and come in a variety of forms and formats. The last-place integrators acquire data baffles, sort, filter and organize them, and offer in advance defined analyses. In this paper we centralise on geomarketing assists offered on the Internet where usually no physical good is exchanged. The subject of batch is geomarketing information the user is able to superfluousct from the datasets. The main issue is how to set a Pareto efficient equipment casualty for geomarketing information. The situation is Pareto efficient when the tell of users and service providers surplus is maximized. We check into nonlinear set strategies and their efficiency to service of bear upon mass markets and attract users with antithetical leave behindingness to right.nonlinear determine is apply in a broader sense to include the practice of selling the same information increase on various vertical markets at termss that are not in proportion to the differences in borderline monetary value. The market research for the GISMO project (Krek et al. 2000) showed that the US market differs substantially from the European. It has characteristics of a commodity market, where providers offer actually similar or equal harvest-feasts at similar scathes. This is feasible only if the worths for raw datasets, which represent the main barrier to enter the market, are natural depression or zero. Competition among service providers drives worths down and enables them to successfully serve a mass market. The European approach is mostly determined by the last harms of datasets and restrictions on the secure forced by the National Mapping Agencies. This prevents further production and creation of information products and serves only a narrow convention of users with high willingness to pay. We list the most burning(prenominal) conditions for Pareto efficient nonlinear determine of geoinformation services.1 Introduction Price is a very important element of trade. It stub only be discussed in relation to what is offered, how much evaluate the potential user attaches to the product and how much he is willing to pay for it. A geomarketing service in this paper serves as an example for a geoinformation service in customary where a Geoinformation product is traded. A Geoinformation product is defined as a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an resultant to a particular users question. The provider of a geoinformation service has to select the medium of economy and the price for the service.We concentrate on geomarketing services provided online with the Internet. The service is mostly do automatically, and not by a human. Usually no physical good is exchanged. Gathering information roughly the product, placing the inn, and payment is done over electronic network. In the sections 5 and 6 we dissect different pricing strategies for geographic information and their Pareto efficiency. The s ituation is called to be Pareto efficient when the users and service providers surplus is maximized. We look into marginal represent and nonlinear pricing and explain in which cases they conform to the Pareto efficiency. Setting a price equal to marginal cost is not scotchally viable since such a price does not cover fixed cost. Some examples of nonlinear pricing, such as quantity rebates, term- meretriciousness commitments, and list of price options pay off the Pareto efficiency requirement if certain(prenominal) conditions are satisfied.We conclude with the list of the most important conditions for the Pareto ef ficient pricing of geomarketing service. They ignore be applied to geoinformation services in general. 2 Geomarketing Services A geomarketing service is a service of providing geomarketing information to the user. Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. This information feces be delivered to the user in a different form, format and through different media. Geomarketing information is ga at that placed from internal companys data, which are feature with external demographic, statistic and geographic data. A geoinformation that satisfies a particular information need in a specific decision qualification situation is called a Geoinformation product.2.1 Geomarketing Data Geomarketing data consists of internal companys data and external data. subjective data (the rate of sale, current customers profiles, etc.) is collected and maintained by the company itself. External data comes in a va riety of formats and forms, as a collection of numbers, reports, maps, etc., and is gathered by different institutions. Demographic and statistic data is collected and maintained by Statistical Offices and aggregated to a certain extent. Geographic data is provided in Europe mostly by National Mapping Agencies, in USA by the US geologic Survey (USGS). Because of this broad variety of data, their twist, content and formats, they rear endnot be easily integrated and are not unambiguous usable by a non-technical user. 2.2. Geomarketing Information a Product The source of geomarketing information is geomarketing data. Specialized companies collect the data from different sources, combine them, sort and filter them.For example, the statistical and demographic data have spacial dimension, which is usually given by the street name and house number. This data has to be geocoded in order to link the attri plainlyes (purchasing power, age, educational structure, etc.) with geographic data . The providers identify dimensions of data that are worth(predicate) for a certain group of users, package them and offer them as a Geoinformation product. A Geoinformation product is a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an settle to a particular users question. The firmness to the question can come in legion(predicate) different forms as a selected dataset, combination of datasets, a report, a map, etc. To make the geomarketing service feasible, many in advance designed steps and analyses are offered to the user. The most common are customer profile, point selection, and market penetration.3 Internet as a Medium of Delivery The Internet changes the way consummations are done. User and seller can enter an electronic relationship without personal contact. The buyer can place an order any time (from the seat at home, late in the evening) and can take as much time as he wants or needs to take the decision about the purchase. Searching for the right product over e- network, he can get comparable information about similar products from other companies, their characteristics and prices. Cooperation with potential and current users of geoinformation services is important. In the Internet world, the gap between service-consumers and services-providers blurs. Consumers generate involved in the actual production process, their ideas, knowledge, information become part of the product specification process (Tapscott 1996). In a geomarketing service, usually no physical good is exchanged. The user gets o the result of nly the analysis, the answer to his question.Even more(prenominal) advanced geomarketing services offer the possibility of uploading the data of the user on the providers server and combining these data with the collection of the data on the server. A service offered via Internet involves less administration, paper work, and less human resources, which reduces transaction costs. Direct connection to the computer accounting organization can provide systematic and efficient registration of the transactions. Security and protection mechanisms enable the service provider to follow and control transactions. Selecting a proper pricing policy in order to attract general use of the service is of great importance. In the next sections, we review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing, and analyze their Pareto efficiency. 4 Pareto capability The situation is Pareto efficient if there is no way to make both the user and the service provider better off. The sum of the users and providers surplus is maximized.It can be a understood lso as maximizing the difference between economic benefits and costs which bulge out on the users as well as on the providers side. The economic benefits are the benefits of using the product on the product has to him with his willingness to pay for the marginal unit of the product. If he expects high benefits, he will be willing to pay a high price for the product. Cost incurred on the provider sid e is mostly high fixed cost of designing and creating the Geoinformation product and enabling the service, and low marginal cost of providing an incremental unit of the product. The users cost is the price he pays for the product, the transaction cost and the cost associated with acquiring the information about the product. 5 Marginal Cost Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Marginal cost pricing is pricing where the price equals the marginal cost.The cost of an economic good is an important determinant of how much the producer will be willing to produce. The concept of marginal or extra cost is crucial for the situation on the market of economic goods. It has an important role in appraise how efficient or inefficient any particular price and production pattern is (Samuelson 1967). This observation is valuable for the standard economic good where the correspond cost of producing the product depends on the quantity produced. The cost structure a Geoinformation product substantially diffe rs from the cost structure of the standard economic good. The total cost of producing the product is mostly a high fixed cost of collecting the data and designing the product, and is not recoverable if the production is halted (sunk cost).The marginal cost of producing t e flash and each additional copy of the product is h very low or zero, mostly the cost of disseminating the product. The share of the marginal cost in the total cost of production is negligible. Marginal cost pricing of a Geoinformation product would according to the marginal cost pricing scheme imply very low or zero price. Pricing at marginal cost may or may not be efficient it depends on how the consumers total willingness to pay relates to the total cost of providing the good (Varian 1999). At the set-back stage of the production, the datasets have low value to most users and they have low willingness to pay for them. The high cost of producing the datasets cannot be recovered. M arginal cost pricing does not imply efficiency because it does not cover the total costs of producing a Geoinformation product. 6 Nonlinear Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Pricing is nonlinear when it is not strictly proportional to the quantity purchased.Different prices are charged to different groups of buyers or the same product. Nonlinear pricing is also use in a f broader sense to include the practice of selling the same product on different markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. Good examples are phone rates, common flyer programs, and electricity (Wilson 1993). The first notion about charging different users differently for the same product was called price favouritism (Pigou 1920) and distinguished among three different forms of discrimination. 6.1 Price Discrimination Pigou (Pigou 1920) first used the term price discrimination and he described the following forms of nonlinear pricing First-degree price discrimination The first-degree price discrimination is so metimes known as perfect price discrimination. The producer sells different units of output signal at different prices and these prices may differ from buyer to buyer. The buyer pays the maximum price that he is willing to pay, irrespective of the cost of production and supply.Usually it is difficult to determine what is the maximum price someone is willing to pay for the product. Second-degree price discrimination The producer sells different units of output at different prices, but every individual who buys t e h same amount of the good pays the same price. Second-degree price discrimination is much more common in practice. Good examples of this discrimination are volume discounts and coupons. Third-degree price discrimination The producer sells the output to different people at different prices, but every unit of output sold to a given person sells at the same price.Customers are divided into more groups, which have different select curves and different price elasticity. The highest price is charged to the groups with the lowest elasticity. Examples of this discrimination are student discounts. 6.2 Two-part Tariff Two-part responsibility is an example of a nonlinear pricing and consists of two parts. The first part of the tariff usually comes in the form of a rank and file, an annual or monthly certify and is supposed to cover fixed cost. The second part of the tariff is related to the practice session (number of reports transferred, number of bits, layers, etc.) and covers the incremental cost. This pricing scheme is often used in telecommunication. Users are charged for the connection to the network and additionally for the usage. Two-part tariff pricing scheme can be very naturally applied to a geomarketing service. The first part of the tariff represents a membership requital, an annual or monthly licence for access to the data, reports and maps the second part is an additional fee usually based on the volume transferred. Price P for a geoinfor mation service is then P = p0 + p v.q where p0 pv q fixed fee (annual, monthly, membership, etc.) price set for a volume transferred quantity transferred.The revenue collected from the first part of the tariff (p0 ) is supposed to cover the fixed cost of producing the first copy of the Geoinformation product. The price of u sage (pv ) should cover the incremental cost and the cost of transaction. The combination of the membership and usage constructed for the predicted demand is set so that the companys total cost is recovered. How high the fixed fee and the price of usage s hould be is animportant question. Availability of the raw data at low price will change the nature of the market. The price for both parts of the tariff (p0 and pv ) will form according to the correspondence rules of supply and demand. 6.3 Pareto Efficiency of the Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff can disadvantage a certain segment of the users. judge a geomarketing service company offering geographic data over the Internet.For the simplicity of reasoning, imagine there exist two segments of users those who use data on a regular basis and have a high willingness to pay (governmental institutions, ministries, utilities, etc.), and those who seldom need data (students, individuals, fine and medium companies, etc.) and have low willingness to pay. In this case, a high fixed fee excludes the users with low willingness to pay, occasional users who need only a small volume of the data and are not willing to pay an annual membership fee or a license. The necessary condition for Pareto efficiency is not satisfied. 6.4 Quantity Discounts Quantity discounts are a form of a nonlinear price where the provider charges a lower price for a higher volume purchased.The opportunity of selling high volumes at a low price is often neglected in geoinformation business. Increased revenue from the higher volume at lower price enables the provider to improve the service and reduce prices for all users. The quant ity discounts are usually designed in order to stimulate sales, but can complicate the billing and accounting system. Pareto efficiency of quantity discounts depends on the volume-price categories offered by the service provider. This pricing strategy might disadvantage users with low willingness to pay, not being able to pay nor interested in purchasing higher volumes.6.5 Term-Volume Commitments According to this strategy the user agrees with the service provider to pay a certain amount of money for the service in advance. The payment is set according to the predicted demand for the service. This kind of transcription usually involves some discounts, because the whole payment is done at once and at the beginning of the period. short contracts involve lower reduction in price than longer contracts. This strategy reduces billing and accounting cost and is often used by Internet providers. For example, a one-year-term commitment to spend $2000/month obtains a discount of 18% (Gong a nd Srinagesh 1998), for the 5 -year contracts the Internet providers use up to 60% discount. Term-volume commitments satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if the user can choose among different schemes and are designed indiscriminately.6.6 List of Price Options Different pricing options can be combined and offered as a list of price options. In geomarketing services, the two-part tariff is often combined with an additional pricing option, the uniform pricing scheme. Under the uniform pricing scheme, the user pays the price (p2 ), which is proportional to the data transferred. Usually the tariff per volume purchased (p2 ) is higher in the uniform pricing scheme than the price (p1 ) proposed in the two-part tariff scheme, but the user need not pay an annual membership fee or license. The user profits if he is an occasional user, who needs a small volume of data. The sum he is willing to pay in this case is lower than the annual membership or license fee plus the cost of the data t ransferred.