The Monastery Essay Example for Free

The Monastery EssayI am a currently trained in Military Free-Fall, so it would be safe to say that I have knowledge by observation and participation. I have enjoyed watching skydiving competitions on television and in the military. As a kid I can remember wanting to do that when I grew up. When I joined the Special Forces in 1989 I knew my chances were greatly increasing for me to participate in skydiving exploits, but it wasnt until 1995 when that final moment would arrive. I enjoy the excitement of participation in a skydiving operation that consists in small numbers of personnel to a mass group.There are several stages a beginner will go though until their offset jump without an instructor. First let me tell you about the training that I went though in my quest to fulfill my childhood dreams. Since I had been trained in underlying airborne operations (static line jumps) this made an easier to transition into skydiving operations for the instructors. The initial training be gins with what we call tabletop drills. An instructor places everyone on a tabletop and dialogue you though the basic movements techniques that you will perform in the air. This is where you learn basic turns, flips, formations, rolls and other various drills. The next step you learn is how to pack and inspect your rise in less than five minutes.The vertical wind tunnel is the second phase of training you go though in order to practice you tabletop drills in front you actually perform a real jump. Once you have demonstrated your skill to an instructor that you can perform the entire basic task only then will you be allowed to move onto the last phase of training. The last phase of training is jumping out of an aircraft up to 12,500 feet above sea aim. Your runner jump an instructor hangs on to you while you exit the aircraft to ensure you stabilize yourself in the air. One you have done this he lets go and instructs you to perform the basic task you learned earlier, while grad ing you on your performance. Wow what a rush of adrenalin you get on your first jump at that height. instanter its up to you to complete the rest of the training that you learned earlier during the course.Time management is a very hard concept for me to get a acquire on. This is one subject that everyone has knowledge of by both participation and observation. I have attended lecture from top-level executives on this subject down to basic level training by correspondence with limited success.My daily experiences with era management are quite different from that of a person who has a routine bank line. With my product line changes are made at the last minute. For example, I could be in the process of gathering research for a project to deploying the next day (unannounced) to a remote country to train foreign troops in unconventional warfare all due to shortage of personnel on operational teams. Our job (Special Forced Intelligence Sergeants) has been referred to as the jack-of-al l-trades, master of nothing. This stems from out extensive knowledge of all military type operations and training, but not given the time to focus on one specific skill. At times this can be very frustrating job with the constant change that effect a daily scheduled, but rewarding in other aspects due to the various activities that you may encounter along the way.The President of the United States is a subject that I have only knowledge by observation. I have learned a great deal just by watching the man and the office. I learned a small portion about politics in school because it was not a particular interest to me at the time. Now it has a great impact on my job and my future it has become more interesting to me.I listen to each candidate when they run for office to particularize which one is the best suited for the job. I have learned a lot about the candidates just by watching them interact with the media during their debates. In the ago the Presidency has been a very respecta ble and well sought out title to hold as a politician. In todays society the Presidency has muzzy some prestige due to men that held that position and allowed their selves to fall to corruptions and scandals.

Social Media and Psychological Disorders

brotherly Media and Psychological DisordersTopic societal media is a perfect tense milieu to promote carriage concerns and eatingdisorders.It has long been known that characterization to traditional types of media, such as magazines, movies, and television, sewer increase body work out concerns in youths (Tiggermann & McGill, 2004 Tiggermann & Polivy, 2010). Given that young nation atomic number 18 now turning to Internet sources rather than print media, the potential impact of complaisant media on body confidence should not be overlooked. In this essay, I would argue that complaisant media has a negative influence on body image concerns and can chip in to detrimental consequences. Much research has indicated that deal mediais considered the most influential and pervasive cause of body dissatisfaction(Thompson, Heingberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999 Tiggermann, 2011).Internalisation of body perfect ideas and the stereotypes about body sizebegins when girls are as youn g as 3 years-old. It begins with baby girls flick to pickle communicated images of Barbie dolls, then moves to televisionadvertisements and programs that celebrate ultra-thin models. It thenculminates in early adulthood with visual aspect-focused conversations,fashion-focused stories, and picture-sharing on sociable networking websites. Thesefactors harbor been raise to promote unattainable beauty prototypes of oftenphoto-shopped women who are usually young, pass a perfect body ratio and areincredibly thin. Although traditional media are still widely consumed, newforms of media or the Internet are being increasingly portaled. As of June2017, approximately 52% of the worlds population has access to the Internet(Internet World Stats, 2017). Recent studies show that, as in traditionalmedia, there are many places on the Internet that promote the stereotypicalideals of effeminate beauty. For example, an analysis of advertisements aimed atadolescents on the Internet indicates that most figures used in theadvertisements were young, thin, and attractive distaffs (Slater, Tiggermann,Hawkins, & Werchon, 2011). Additionally, Tiggermann and her co-researchersfound that Internet usage was related to greater internalization of thin-ideal,appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction, and the drive for thinness(Tiggermann & Miller, 2010). Associated with the rise of the Internet areSocial Networking Sites (SNSs). As of June 2017, there are 2.46 billion socialmedia users around the globe, and 71 portion of internet users were also socialnetwork users (Statista, 2017). Social media sites differ from the traditionalmass media in several ways. First of all, a large proportion of socialnetworking sites are peer-generated, which means users are simultaneouslyinformation sources and receivers. Second, by affording users the king toshape, customise and direct online interactions, contemporary media transformswhat were once passive receivers of the formerly popular mass medi a, intofull-fledged communicators, with self-efficacy, and personal agency. Third,social media are more personal than conventional impersonal mass media. Userscan bond with each other using technology, and issue can revolve around theself. Fourth, social media are interpersonally rich tools that offer graphicsapps, videos, and transformative multi-media cues that give the feeling ofpresence, lending the opportunity to transport individuals to psychologicallyinvolving domains that can encourage suspension of belief and attitude change.Finally, while mass media has a large heterogeneous audience, social mediasites cater to communities of individuals with the same interests, ideas, andopinions. They are fundamentally media of ones peers. An measuring stick of research on sociocultural factors and body image has emphasised the role of social comparisons in explaining media effects on body image concerns (Thompson et al. 1999). According to social comparison theory, people find it dia gnostic and functional to compare themselves to others, especially to those who have similar attributes that are central to their definition of self. This has important implications for the effects of social media. Aforementioned, social media are the domain of peers, and peer comparisons are greatly salient to adolescents. In addition, upward social comparisons with attractive peers can actually lead to more negative self-attractiveness ratings than comparisons with attractive models in advertisements, who are less similar and in a less diagnostic comparison group. Social media are full of pictures of peers and cause a favourable environment for social comparisons. Negative comparisons can be particularly likely on social media when young women compare their pictures with peers without knowing that those photographs strength be digitally edited. More specifically, one experimental study indicates that upward social comparison can occur with social media profiles. Both male and fe male participants reported negative emotional states and showed some signs of body dissatisfaction when they viewed profiles with physically attractive photographs, meanwhile, those who viewed unattractive users profile pictures reported less negative emotional states (Hafekamp & Krmer, 2011). old studies show that exposure to peerswho closely match the thin ideal has been found to increase bodydissatisfaction in women (Krones, Stice, Batres, & Orjada, 2005). It is alsointeresting to note that comparisons to peers and models can lead to differentresults in regard to womens body image concerns. The reason is the appearanceof peers seems to be more realistic and attainable than the appearance ofmodels or celebrities because peers often have the same resources and lifestyleto oneself. In addition, in social media contexts, peers are not the onlytargets of social comparisons but online models or celebrities are as well.Beautiful pictures of models and celebrities are shared and posted on manysocial platforms such as Facebook, Instagram or Twitter. They are usuallyairbrushed to remove any flaws and this, in combination with the efforts of master staff (such as hairstylist, make-up artists, photographers, etc) ensuresthat there is a huge gap between what is thought of beautiful and what can beattainable. We are aspiring to an ideal that does not exist, when constantlyexposed to images of unrealistic men and women that have been digitallyconstructed. When we look at the negative influences ofsocial media on body image concerns, exposure is not the only factor, we alsoneed to look at the ways in which social media is used. Using social networkingsites is far different than passive exposure to traditional mass media. It isan interactive process, users are capable of creating and presenting their ownmedia content while also viewing content created by others. A classic situation of mass communication is uses and gratifications. It indicates thatindividuals use media to fulfil unavoidably, seeking gratifications to fulfilmotives and deriving gratifications from media use that can be bothpsychologically functional or nonadaptive (Rubin 2009). When applied tosocial media and body image concern, it suggests that individuals who arevulnerable to body image disturbances will seek gratification from socialmedia. Young people who have low self-esteem and high thin-idealinternalisation are likely to seek gratification from social media. They maycheck their profile pictures online to satisfy reassurance needs, spending aconsiderable amount of time looking and comparing their pictures to those oftheir less attractive peers to validate their appearance, or sharing picturesof celebrities and models to ritualistically escape appearance-related personaldistress. By doing this, they try to satisfy psychologicalappearance-gratifying needs and convince themselves they fit the thin-ideal ofothers. Eventually, young people usually end up feeling disappointed and hu rt becausethe ultimate satisfaction of these needs cannot come from external sources butcan only be found internally. Social media also unabashedly promote anorexic and bulimic lifestyles through a lot of pro-anorexia or pro-ana and pro-bulimia (pro-mia) Websites (Levine and Chapman 2011). Nowadays, there are many websites that devoted to promoting pro-anorexic ideals. They usually contain positive represent of an anorexic lifestyle religiously-based metaphors and more than 10 nubble themes, for example, perfection (the norms linking thinness with perfection), transformation (eating disorders can transform a person from ugly and fat to thin and beautiful), and success (the association of success with strength and ability to keep the weight off). In addition, Healthy Living blogs promote the image of thin appearance and deliver disordered nutritional messages, and also containing self-objectifying messages about women (Boepple and Thompson 2013). dickens experiments indicate that e xposure to pro-ana Websites exerts a number of negative influences, such as lower self-esteem, and decreased perceived attractiveness of oneself (Bardone-Cone and Cass 2007). Pro-mia Websites can also have bad effects for young women (Levine and Chapman 2011).In conclusion, traditional media has long been known for its negative influence on body image concerns and behaviours through the promotion of body perfect ideals, but there are far fewer studies on the detrimental impacts of social media. In this essay, I argue that social media provides a perfect environment for negative social comparisons and gratification that could lead to appearance concerns and eating disorders amongst users.ReferencesBardone-Cone, A. M., & Cass, K. M. (2007). What does viewing a proanorexia website do? An experimental examination of website exposure and moderating effects. global journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 537548. doi10.1002/eatBoepple, L., & Thompson, J. K. (2013). A content analysis of healthy living blogs Evidence of content thematically consistent with dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 362367. doi10.1002/eat.22244.Dittmar, H., Halliwell, E., & Ive, S. (2006). Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 58-year-old girls. developmental Psychology, 42, 283-292.Dittmar, H. (2009). How Do BodyPerfect Ideals in the Media Have a Negative Impact on Body Image andBehaviors? Factors and Processes Related to Self and Identity. Journal ofSocial and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 1-8. doi10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.1Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C.,Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on socialmedia The impact of Facebook on young womens body image concerns and mood. BodyImage,13(SupplementC), 38-45. doihttps//doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002Ferguson, C. J., Muoz, M. E.,Garza, A., & Galindo, M. (2014). Concurrent and Prospective Analy ses ofPeer, Television and Social Media Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, EatingDisorder Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls. Journal of Youthand Adolescence, 43(1), 1-14. doi10.1007/s10964-012-9898-9Haferkamp, N., & Kramer, N.C. (2011). Social comparison 2.0 examining the effects of online profiles onsocial-networking sites. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 14(5), 309-314.doi10.1089/cyber.2010.0120Internet World Stats (2017). World Internet Users Statistics and 2017 World Population Stats. Retrieved http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htmKim, J. W., & Chock, T. M.(2015). Body image 2.0 Associations between social grooming on Facebook andbody image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 48(Supplement C),331-339. doihttps//doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.009Krones, P. G., Stice, E.,Batres, C., & Orjada, K. (2005). In vivo social comparison to a thin-idealpeer promotes body dissatisfaction a randomized experiment. Int J EatDisord, 38(2), 134-142. doi10.1002/eat.20171Levi ne, M. P., & Chapman, K. (2011). Media influences on body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed., pp. 101109). unseasoned York Guilford Press.Perloff, R. M. (2014). SocialMedia depressions on Young Womens Body Image Concerns Theoretical Perspectivesand an Agenda for Research. Sex Roles, 71(11), 363-377.doi10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6Rubin, A. M. (2009). Uses-and-gratifications perspective on media effects. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 165184). New York Routledge. Slater, A., Tiggemann, M.,Hawkins, K., & Werchon, D. (2011). Just One Click A Content Analysis ofAdvertisements on Teen Web Sites. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(4),339-345. doi10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.003Statista (2017). Number of social media users planetary 2010-2021. Retrieved 30/10/17 from https//www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ Tho mpson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC American Psychological AssociationTiggemann, M. (2011). Sociocultural perspectives on homosexual appearance and body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed., pp. 1219). New York Guilford PressTiggemann, M., Polivy, J., & Hargreaves, D. (2009). The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines A source of social comparison or fantasy? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 73-93.Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B.(2004). The Role of Social Comparison in the Effect of Magazine Advertisementson Womens Mood and Body Dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and ClinicalPsychology, 23(1), 23-44. doi10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991

Genealogy, History, and Mythology in Olympian 9

Genealogy, History, and Mythology in Olympian 9From Polis to OikosAt the end of Olympian 9, the ode for Epharmostos, the champion wrestler from Opountian Lokris, Pindar decl ars phya, his idiosyncratic rendering of physis(altogether silk hat Ol. 9.100)1 he says that the heralds proclamation ought to record that his winner was born (with quick hands, nimble legs, de callination in his look), all the natural and inherited endowments necessary for athletic skipper (Ol. 9.108ff).2 Despite his emphasis on Epharmostos birth (with divine help he was born), Pindar, unusually, rings neither the father of the victor nor acknowledges any family whatsoever. In a musical genre as concerned with family and individuation as epinikian, the omission is striking and potentially troublesome for the rhetoric of epinikian congratulations. Miller remarks that such an omission would almost certainly that occur at the instruction of the client himself, and thus we should conclude that Epharmostos d id non regard family or fathers name as essential to his self-definition.3 Pindars encomium still bleeds, only the absence of family disturbs many of the regular features of epinikian, especially the vantage pointard integration of phya and family.4Family, via the fathers name, was an element of the heralds proclamation or angelia and would father been announced after Epharmostos achievement.5 While Pindars epinikian evokes the angelia, it freely includes, excludes, or modifies elements of the proclamation.6 The modification, or omission, of a comp nonpareilnt of the angelia therefore serves as an opening for my analysis of the ode rather than focus on the question of why Pindar did not include the fathers name, this name explains how Pindaric praise, particularly the praise of inherited ability, still functions in an ode that omits a key comp one(a)nt of epinikian poetics. Pindar, despite the ostensible absence of family in this ode, nonetheless praises phya by ethnic gr oup and polis and with a colonial narrative of early Lokrian and Opountian history. While the focus on the conjunction of the victor with ethnos and polis is certainly not without parallel, Ol. 9 is singular in its emphasis on the correlation of biography and history. The Archaic and early Classical assimilation of genealogy to ethnic and civil history joins such jutmingly different concepts as inheritance, family lineage, and genealogy with ethnic descent and civic fundament. The polis, one component of the angelia, can replace family, another component, because of the conceiving of ethnic and civic identity as essentially genealogical.In her study of the economy of praise in epinikian, Kurke concludes that the family is crucial not only to the solemnization of athletic success but to success itself (1991, 3 cf Cole 1987, 560). She suggests that the family connection is important enough that we should recognize Pindars (and his victors) different concept of self-identity, whi ch was integrated, to a great degree, with family.7 In this conceiving of self-identity, personal athletic supremacy can be understood as a renewal of the family, especially through the metaphors of new birth, marriage, and rites for dead ancestors.8 Thus, the exclusion of family from Epharmostos ode is unexpected his victory, while it may have brought fame to his living relatives, is not represented as renewing or reviving the fame of his oikos, since the oikos is absent from the ode his Olympic victory cannot participate in the common epinikian analogizing of athletic victory to family renewal, since there is no literal family in the poem. This omission is highly unusual in epinikian, which, as Carey points out, memorializes through naming.9In only a few odes does Pindar not mention family members Ol. 1, Ol. 4, Ol. 9, Pyth. 3, Pyth. 12, and Isthm. 3. In a number of these, the paternal and familial absence may be able to be rationalized the victor is either a ruler or policy-maki ngly or socially prominent and thus the ode focuses attention on them, or at any rate participates in a rather complex policy-making context (Ol. 1 for Hieron Pyth. 3 for Hieron)10 in another two cases the fathers name appears in an earlier ode for the same victor, and thus perhaps familial self-identity had been fulfilled (Hierons fathers name appears in another ode as well Pyth. 1.79 Ol. 4 for Psaumis of Kamarina, whose father Akron is named at Ol. 5.8, and his sons at 5.23 Isthm. 3 for Melissos of Thebes, whose father is named at Isthm. 4.45).Pythian 12 and Olympian 9 stand out, since they lack any explicit reference to the father, clan, or family of the victor. Pyth. 12 praises the victory of Midas of Akragas in the aulos competition at the Pythian Games significantly, it is the only extant ode to praise a victor in a musical contest. While Strauss-Clay suggests that the absence of Midas father and family is explained by his professional standing as an aulos player, Maria Pavlo u offers a convincing and subtle interpretation that situates the absence of family in the context of Akragrantine politics.11 She suggests that Midas victory is an agalma for the metropolis, since Akragas itself receives an extended encomium (Pyth. 12.1-5), and she argues that Midas victory ode was commissioned by the then-ascendant Emmenidae (perhaps Theron himself), in order to stress their power, and to relate them to a celebration of Akragantine culture. Thus Pythian 12 does not offer evidence that lower-status athletes (if, indeed, Midas was lower-status) would not celebrate their fathers, but rather indicates the potential utility of an epinikian victory to the political program of an shoot for tyrant.12Consequently, Ol. 9 is alone in its complete absence of a literal family or subscriber line, or at least, it is the only ode in which an obvious explanation does not appear to be forthcoming through the political or social context of the poem, and the lack of fathers name c annot be explained because of any known personal political prominence or a powerful patron. Even if Epharmostos family had not had previous athletic success, family could still appear, since in other odes victory acts retroactively to glorify differently obscure ancestors (e.g., Nem. 6.17-29).Aside from Epharmostos, the ode mentions one other apparently historical individual, Lampromachos, whose armorial bearing has sparked much ancient and modern discussion.13 He is introduced as a cause for the poets presence at the celebration of Olympian 9 (82-84)Because of guest friendship and achievementI have come to honor the Isthmian fillets of Lampromachos, when twain wintheir victories in one day.The scholiasts are divided on the consequence of 123a and 123c regard Lampromachos as a proxenos in the technical sense, while 123d and 123e consider to be equivalent to in this passage finally, 125c considers Lampromachos a kinsman of Epharmostos.14 Modern scholarship has been similarly div ided.15 While the institution of proxenia existed in the fifth-century, it is not certain that an institutionalized proxenia has any relevance to Pindars use of the term in Ol. 9.16 In one of the only accounts to try to rationalize the appearance of proxenos here, Pavlou focuses on the early evidence for proxenia in Lokris specifically she is skeptical that Pindar would use a technical term so loosely and she contends that by the fifth-century, proxenia was firmly entrenched as an institution.17 Pavlou follows the opinion of one of the scholiasts and regards Lampromachos as the proxenos of the Thebans at Opous, and thus a relevant personage to Pindars presence and the commissioning of the ode.18The Pindaric usage of proxenia and related passwords, however, suggests that proxenia could also signify vaguer cordial reception. Isthm. 4.8, for example, teams proxenia with the adverb which renders it tall(a) that the word refers to a contemporary institution it is probable that appropr iate hospitality is simply another component of the praise of the Kleonymidai.19 In fr. 94b, Pindar uses the plural dative describes a tradition of hospitality, which began in the past and extends to the present day (38-45), and once again, it is unlikely that the combination of a temporal adverb referring to the past and proxenia refers to the institution.20 Nem. 7 has presented its own issues of interpretation, in terms of situating the passage in the larger organization of the poem, but proxenia, nonetheless, likely system general rather than specific.21 At Nem. 7.64-65, the reference to proxenia probably has little to do with the Achaian man, and rather, proxenia evokes the previous reference to xenia at Nem. 7.61 ( I am a guest-friend).22 Again, an institutionalized meaning is highly unlikely.In other poetic uses from the early fifth-century, the term can refer to general hospitality in Aeschylus Suppliant Women, proxenia refers to general protection by a powerful patron (or d eity), rather than an institutionalized system of city-sponsored hosting (Aesch. Supp. 420, 491, 919). A fragment of Aeschylus Diktyouloi uses proxenia but then glosses it with the word champion (TrGF III fr. 47a.768-770). Therefore, proxenia in Ol. 9, and end-to-end the Pindaric corpus, can occur as a metaphor for hospitality, guest-friend relations, and philia, rather than a reference to the civic institution the term is not evidence for a civic commissioning or biographical speculation but rather reinforces the intimate connection of city and victor.Lampromachos opens the victory catalogue two other Isthmian wins are recorded separately in the following line (Ol. 9.86). The mention of Lampromachos is likely a flourish with which to open the catalogue, an instance in which Epharmostos and his countryman both won at a pan-Hellenic festival on the same day. Pindar begins with a special victory, and then proceeds to begin the catalogue-proper of Epharmostos, proceeding, as is norm al, from victories in the Crown Games.23 The victory with Lampromachos is given special prominence (it begins the catalogue) because of its moment to the city of Opous, a city poorly represented in victories at the Crown Games.24 Considering the odes explicit focus on praise of Opous aswellasEpharmostos, the inclusion of its other stephanitic victor is hardly surprising. It may be strange, in this case, that Pindar does not mention Menalkes (Moretti no. 240), who won at boxing at the same Olympics as Epharmostos, though perhaps the inclusion of another Olympic victor would challenge the primacy of Epharmostos praise in the ode Lampromachos lesser Isthmian victory fulfills the function of praising the city without eclipsing the praise of the laudandus.The mythic section of the ode, in which hospitality and guest-friendship not institutionalized proxenia are conjoined, when foreigners are welcomed to the new city of Opous (Ol. 9.67-69), supports my interpretation of proxenia at La mpromachos appearance. In fact, the settlement of foreigners (explicitly xenoi Ol. 9.67) and the arete of Opous himself (Ol. 9.65-66 and the polis at Ol. 9.16) as well as one of the descendants of the new settlers (Patroklos, Ol. 9.70-76), have al submity appeared together in the odes narrative. Thus, Pindar comes to Opous because of the same qualities that have already characterized the polis and ethnos in the mythic narrative he, like the xenoi in the myth, is attracted to the presence of the famous residents of the city, and its famous hospitality. Repetition and a cyclical perspective on Lokrian and Opountian history predominate in the structure of the ode, and so the rationale for Pindars visit seems to reinforce the identity of Epharmostos victory with the past history and mythology of his city and ethnos. Lampromachos is not include because of any political office, special relation, or involvement in the commissioning of the ode (all the suggestions of the scholiasts), but s imply because of his status as an Opountian pan-Hellenic victor.25 Regardless of the always vague, and unfeasible to prove historical circumstances surrounding the commissioning of the ode, the focus is on Opountian achievements in the victory catalogue, first in the single victory of Lampromachos, and then in the longer record of Epharmostos myriad victories this is not proof of a civic commissioning, but rather exemplary of Pindars method of integrating victor with community.26Ol. 9 exemplifies the Pindaric inclining to merge oikos and polis epinikian is a form of civic adornment by the wealthy after all. Merger, however, does not fully satisfy in the context of the ode, since the family in Ol. 9 is not simply combined with the polis that, in athletics, is the normal state of affairs, because the angelia teams together individual, familial, and civic identities. 27 In Ol. 9, in contrast, Epharmostos family is absent, and the ethnos of Lokris and the polis of Opous replace the oikos of the victor. The presence of Lampromachos in the victory catalogue, in a place generally reserved for family achievements, as a result of his civic identity, indicates this replacement the polis relegates family and positions itself as the family of the seemingly family-less Epharmostos, so that the history of Lokris and Opous becomes the biographyof Epharmostos, the citys putative ancestry replaces the victors actual genealogy.While homeland praise is a commonplace in Pindaric criticism, Kurke notes that the place of neither family praise nor homeland praise in epinikian has ever been questioned.28 She stresses the humankind and communal nature of the reception of Pindars art, and comments that Pindar uses foundation myths because of their inherently political quality, since they transform an entire polis into a single family descended from a common mythic ancestor.29 The public survey of epinikian, and the function of homeland praise as part of the political performative of epinikian provokes this articles new interpretation of Olympian 9 the recognition of Opous and Lokris standing in as the oikos of this victor allows us to reimagine the connection between Epharmostos Olympic victories and the mythic narrative in the ode in the context of replacement family and substitute ancestry.This reimagining begins by situating the series of foundations and renewals in the procedure of the song itself. The respective establishment of ethnos and polis are emphasized in the ode and function to praise Epharmostos by placing him in a continuity of inheritance (Pindaric phya), modulate through civic and ethnic lineage. Although he has no actual family worth mentioning in the ode, the song manufactures a lineage (and inheritance) of great deeds through the utter and re-telling of history and mythology. It is therefore in the two figures who complete great deeds, Deukalion and Opous (ethnic and civic founders, and themselves involved with unusual family), that w e should look for the mythic parallels through which Pindar praises his patron, Epharmostos, and the polis, Opous.30Pindars narrative in Ol. 9 is one of the earliest, and most complete, Lokrian myths.31 He begins from the pig out, after which Deukalion and Pyrrha descend from Mount Parnassos to found a city and establish its autochthonous inhabitants (Ol. 9.43-46), the Leleges who become the ethnos of the Lokrians32 second, the lineage of kings is regenerate through the adoption of a son, Opous, descended directly from Zeus (Ol. 9.57-66), through whom the civic identity of Opountians is established.33 In both cases, foundations are not straightforward. Standard Greek commencement stories revolved around autochthony or migration (Hall 2002 31-35), but in Pindars narrative, colonial-style foundation is coupled with autochthony (Deukalion and Pyrrha) and hereditary inheritance is complicated by adoption (Opous) a productive merger for representing Epharmostos civic and ethnic geneal ogy. Thus, Pindar finds room in his Lokrian and Opountian creation myths to accommodate all manners of foundation and establishment, and in doing so, firmly establishes the Hellenic identity of Epharmostos Lokrian ancestors.34The section on Deukalion and Pyrrha opens after Pindars self-recrimination for the Herakles narrative. While the digression accords with Pindars formal use of Abbruchsformeln,35 the specific rationale for the inclusion of Herakles here has generated debate, and some have compared Herakles stance against the gods (mortal versus immortal) with Epharmostos victory at Marathon, when he was, according to Pindar, incorrectly placed in the mens category (Ol. 9.89-90).36 Though some audience members may have made this connection, I accede with Gerber, who regards the comparison as inappropriate, since it would claim some glory for doing combat with the gods (surely, un-Pindaric see Ol. 9.35-41 cf. Ol. 1.35).37 Rather, the Abbruchsformel, as ofttimes, allows Pindar to draw a connection through juxtaposition, where one is logically absent here, Herakles descent from Zeus and its consequent effect on his abilities (for the general principle of inherited ability and divine grace Ol. 9.28-29 for the specific application to Epharmostos, see Ol. 9.100-104) is placed in close contact with the founding story of Opous and the Lokrians, in which Zeus volition similarly play a major role and will bequeath abilities to Lokrian and Opountian progeny (Ol. 9.56-65).38 By the end of the ode, the connection of divinity and ability is made clear in the latest generation, in the object of the odes praise, when Pindar observes that men do poorly (Ol. 9.103).After this apparent interruption, with characteristic self-recrimination (though with the effect generated by the juxtaposition in place), Pindar directs himself to stay to the topic at hand, which is the city of Protogeneia (Ol. 9.41-56) , , 45 . , , . 50 , - -. 55, , apply your speech toProtogeneiascity, where, by decree of Zeus of the brightthunderbolt,Pyrrha and Deukalion came down from Parnassosand first established their home, and, without coupling,founded one folk, an offspring of stoneand they were called people.Awaken for them a clear-sounding driveway of wordspraise wine that is old, but the blooms of hymnsthat are newer. Indeed they tell thatmighty waters had flooded overthe dark earth, but,through Zeus contriving, an decrease tide suddenlydrained the floodwater. From them cameyour ancestors of the bronze shieldsin the beginning, sons from the daughters of Iapetosrace and from the mightiest sons of Kronos,being always a native line of kings,In this passage, Pindar briefly summarizes the end of the flood narrative, which left only Deukalion and Pyrrha alive atop of Mount Parnassos. In Pindars telling, the origin of the flood is left obscure, though Zeus will is the clear cause of its cessation.39The significance of 48-49 has been inte rpreted variously.40 Despite some attempts to connect this comment to Simonides, the phrase must make sense in the context of its performance and patron, not to mention in re-performance scenarios.41 The contrast is perhaps best understood in terms of praising the essential qualities of things antiquity in wine is best (e.g., Od. 2.340), whereas novelty in songs, at least in the context of this ode (which opens, after all, with a contrast between old and new songs Ol. 9.1), is best. Here I am not arguing for a universal motif in Pindar, but rather, that in thisodeinparticular, Pindar opens by stressing the novelty of his song (the Archilochus song), and thus, in this ode, newness in song is an important element42 Pindar buttresses this public debate perhaps not so self-evident by the comparison with wine.43 In fact, since essential qualities generally phya play a major part in the praise of the victor (Ol. 9.100ff), the extension of this opinion to the song that praises that vi ctor makes thematic sense and further strengthens the encomium. If the following myth is unconventional, or stresses unconventional aspects by focusing on the Lokrian and Opountian origin of humanity after the flood, then the statement serves as a self-reference to the poets skill as well as being emphatic about one of the objects of the odes praise.44 In fact, when Pindar turns to the story of Lokrian and Opountian foundation, he foregrounds the connections amongst ethnos, polis, and Epharmostos (and thus strengthens his case for a continuity of inheritance), by asking for a clear-sounding path of words for them (Ol. 9.47) surely here we read a reference to the whole race of the Lokrians through all the temporal stages of the ode, since for them follows the riddling reference to their name (Ol. 9.45-46). Thus, the whole of 48-49 serves as a transition and, via a terse priamel, an explicit way to focus audience attention on the objects of the odes praise, before turning to implicit praise via the mythic narrative.45The foundation of Opous, the first human ingleside following the destruction of the race, comes about (by decree of Zeus, Ol. 9.42). is a complicated word in Pindar, though its basic meaning of share or portion often metaphorically denotes fate (s.v. (A), Slater), and, in several instances, is the fate that allows athletic victory to come to fruition in Nem. 3.16, Aristokleidas strength in the pankration persists (thanks to your i.e., the Muses favor) at Nem. 6.13, Alkimidas fortune at Nemea is expressly connected to Zeus favor ( a fortune from Zeus) in Pyth. 10, it is (duly) that a living man sees his son crowned at the Pythian Games (10.25-26).46 Ol. 9 points to the extremity of the favor of the gods (above all, Zeus) to athletic victory , / (but when god takes no part, each deed is no worse / for being left in silence, 103-104) (also, Ol. 9.28-29) in fact, Zeus is one of the honorees of Epharmostos ode (Ol. 9.6).47 The involve ment of the nous of Zeus in Opountian history connects the distant foundation of ethnos, the legendary establishment of polis, and the present praise of Epharmostos, especially through a word that can be used to describe the role of fate in athletic victory. As Pindar describes it, these three instances are correlative, not through content, but through the aition for each, that is, divine will (and Zeus is particularly attuned to watching over Lokrian history, as this odes mythic narrative demonstrates) they are thematically contiguous despite the vast country of time.48Deukalion and Pyrrha are the founders of the Lokrian ethnos their arrival at what will be Opous is characterized less as an arrival at a foreign land and rather as the arrival at their destined home Deukalion and Pyrrha are not alien (although simultaneously not native) to the land of Opous, and it is there that they establish their home (Ol. 9.44 cf. Str. 9.4.2). suggestively combines foundation language ( to f ound) with parentage ( offspring) it also evokes Pindars vocabulary for athletic inscriptions (cf. Ol. 7.86 / while in Megara the record in stone / tells no other tale).49 Deukalion and Pyrrha begin the replacement of oikos by ethnos and polis their natural daughter, Protogeneia, evaporates into the city they found (Ol. 9. 41-42)50 the (stone people) are treated as if their children the original inhabitants of Opous, their fellow-citizens, are also their descendants. Pindar emphasizes the blurring of oikos and polis he describes the descendants of the as from them came your ancestors of the bronze shields (Ol. 9.53-54).The actor of has provoked much discussion among commentators ancient and modern, though rather than stress a specific meaning, equivocalness, as often, renders Pindars verse more, not less understandable ambiguity exists in the initial description of the city of Protogeneia and the parentage of the .51 As so often, Pindars verse resists an interpretive straightjacket the ambiguous demonstrative suggestively begins the replacement of oikos by polis, which is, of course, big to the encomium of the odes laudandus, Epharmostos.The understanding of (Ol. 9.54) has proceeded along similarly fraught lines, though again, sensitivity to the theme of replacement and identity of oikos, ethnos, and polis in the ode provides some clarity.52 can refer to both Epharmostos family and the Opountians generally because Epharmostos family, as represented in the ode, istheOpountians (thus, Epharmostos is like his mythological antecedent, Opous, whose true family are the inhabitants of his eponymous city). Pindars verse, through mythic narrative and purposeful ambiguity completes not a merger of oikos and ethnos and polis, but rather a replacement of one by the others Deukalions natural daughter becomes an alternative name for a city that is populated by the fellow-citizens (or family) of the descendants of the .The appearance of the autochthonous original inhabitants of Opous, the race of stone, evokes colonial motifs, which muddles distinctions between native and foreign, and which stress the rele

the miscibility of oil and water

the miscibility of anoint and waterIntroductionColloids, of which lipids are usually found in solid foods in the form, produce stable homogenous nation in a condition of a physical mix of different phases of matter. Colloids are important because of the existence in foods, the basis of digestion in human body and the application to the food processing. However, the one of the major concerns about colloids in food and nutrition is how to develop stable variety shows of immiscible lipids and aqueous substances. Considering the aforementioned concern, in the practical, the miscibility of oil and water was examined by making an emulsion which is a stable mix of water and oil and effect of an emulsifying cistron, for example, egg yolk on emulsion was also examined. Moreover, a last of lipid involving heat transfer was examined.ObjectivesThe purpose of the practical is toDetermine the miscibility of oil and water by making emulsions in different proportions of oil and water turn out th e effect of a natural emulsifying agent as compared to the condition of break up AExamine the weight, spate and texture change of prawn loco by dint of sibylline fat frying MethodAll of the experiments were followed by the procedures listed on page 13 and 14 of Laboratory Manuals Guide 2014.ResultThe observations are shown in the following intent of the miscibility of oil and water by making emulsions in different proportions of oil and waterThe tubes (numbered 1 to 7) which were filled with the mixture of different proportions of veggie oil and tap water and the length of epoch they took in seconds for the majority (80% volume) of the two phases to distinctly separate were shown in the following table.*( The vegetable oil was interpreted to measure the volume of a major phase)The effect of a natural emulsifying agent as compared to the condition of part AThe tubes (numbered 1 to 7) which were filled with the mixture of different proportions of vegetable oil and tap water were added 10 drops of egg yolk solution and the length of cartridge holder they took in seconds for the majority (80% volume) of the two phases to clearly separate were shown in the following table.(The tube was added 10 drops of egg yolk solution)*( The vegetable oil was taken to measure the volume of a major phase)The weight, volume and texture change of prawn crackers through cloudy fat frying The weight, volume and texture of prawn cracker before and after deep fat frying at 180 for 21 seconds for complete expansion of cracker and the change of its physical properties after the complete expansion of cracker were shown in the following table. ( The answer was correct to 2 decimal places.)*( It was assumed that the shape of a single prawn cracker surface was a circle.)DiscussionDetermination of the miscibility of oil and water by making emulsions in different proportions of oil and waterAccording to the result, the greater proportion of oil contained in tube, the longer time wa s taken for reversion to the majority (80% volume) of the two phases to clearly separate. It meant the longer time duration for the stable mix of oil and water in homogenous state in all proportion of the mixture in tube that had broad(prenominal)er proportion of oil and lower proportion of water.The effect of a natural emulsifying agent as compared to the condition of part AAccording to the result, the time for reversion to the majority (80% volume) of the two phases to clearly separate in from each one tube was consistently longer than that in part A when there was an addition of 10 drops of egg yolk solution in tubes that had the same mixture in part A. It meant the prolonged emulsion which was stable mix of oil and water in homogenous state in all proportion of the mixture in each tube.The reason was that egg yolk solution acted as a natural emulsifying agent in the process. The active component of emulsifying agent from egg yolk, lecithin facilitated the dispersion of oil as tiny droplets into another.12 Lecithin covered the surface of the oil droplets and prevented the droplets from coalescing and forming continuous phase.1 Thus, lecithin acted as a surfactant to lower the interfacial tension at the moment to energize the emulsion which was stable mix of oil and water in homogenous state in all proportion of the mixture for longer time. 3However, non- polar oil molecules and polar water molecules repelled each other later. Since then, the molecules would assembly with other homogenous molecules to decrease the repulsion between molecules. Eventually, there was a separation of two phases.The weight and volume change of prawn crackers through deep fat fryingIn the practical, the deep fat frying was useful because it fried the prawn crackers very fast and the prawn crackers were not made excessively greasy.4The reason of frying the prawn crackers in very short time is the usage of hot fat, for example, oil for cooking. The nature of oil is lipid that can permit the rapid and efficient transfer of heat and can achieve high temperature. Therefore, deep frying can cook the prawn crackers very fast.Moreover, the reason of not making the prawn crackers excessively oily is that the moisture in food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water within the food and steams the food. The oil cannot go opposite direction of the strong flow because the water desiccation pushes the bubbles toward the surface.6Finally, oil penetration will become narrow to the outer surface.On the other hand, there is a volume increase in the crackers. The reason is that, during deep fat frying, the prawn crackers are heated and the water in the crackers vaporized into vapour.The vapour formation leads to the expansion of the structure of starch, which is the main component part of the crackers.Furthermore, there is an increase in weight in the crackers because of the addition of air into the space of foamed prawn crackers during deep fat frying.Reference photo graphic emulsions and Emulsifiers, Cookingscienceguy.com http//www.cookingscienceguy.com/pages/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Emulsions-and-Emulsifiers1.pdf Emulsion, Wikipedia 2014 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion Surfactant, Wikipedia 2014 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant Prawn cracker, Wikipedia 2014 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_cracker Deep frying, Wikipedia 2014 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fryingcite_note-1

A Personal Philosophy of Music Education Essay -- Teaching Education E

A Personal Philosophy of medication Education a couple of(prenominal) would argue against the idea that we educate ourselves and our connection so that we have adequate means with which to understand and act with elements of the world around us. Subjects such as mathematics, language, history, and the elusive sciences are granted immediate and unquestioned legitimacy in our schools, and with good reason. We learn each of these elements of our lives on a daily basis. We take on to have an sense of these disciplines in order to act with them, other they are meaningless to us. I submit that the same can be said for the fundamental concepts of melody. Music is something that we encounter in our society each day. It surrounds us. hence it would be practically impossible to escape. Like so many other naturally occurring phenomena, a discipline has been highly-developed over centuries to help us interact with music, and that discipline is what I and those of my profess ion are charged with teaching. Before addressing the need for music instruction in our schools I would like to briefly examine the need for education of any kind. Education is a means of making sure our society has a given prepare of knowledge. The set of knowledge we perceive ourselves as needing changes based on our surroundings and the issues we are dealing with. In American educations early history we perceived ourselves as needing a set of knowledge that include a common language and common view of history, as well as knowledge of those things with which we would interact every day. In many ways early public education was more a means of social control than an altruistic endeavor. In todays climate we let on ourselves as having more diverse call for in our education... ...ure we have a musically literate society. There are many more examples of this cargo throughout our history. Essentially I believe that in todays society music literacy is a necessary skill fo r us all to have to successfully encounter and interact with the world around us. Reasons for teaching music as a school subject are consistent with the reasons that we educate ourselves about anything else. Furthermore, we have shown a commitment in the past to creating a musically literate society, and events in todays world only strengthen the need to continue that commitment. Works CitedLebuta, Joseph A. & Smith, Deborah A. Music Education diachronic Contexts and Perspectives. (1997) Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall. Lehman, capital of Minnesota R. et all. The School Music Program A New Vision. (1994). Reston, VA. Music Educators National Conference. A Personal Philosophy of Music Education Essay -- Teaching Education EA Personal Philosophy of Music Education Few would argue against the idea that we educate ourselves and our society so that we have adequate means with which to understand and interact with elements of the world around us. Subjec ts such as mathematics, language, history, and the hard sciences are granted immediate and unquestioned legitimacy in our schools, and with good reason. We encounter each of these elements of our lives on a daily basis. We need to have an understanding of these disciplines in order to interact with them, otherwise they are meaningless to us. I submit that the same can be said for the fundamental concepts of music. Music is something that we encounter in our society every day. It surrounds us. Indeed it would be practically impossible to escape. Like so many other naturally occurring phenomena, a discipline has been developed over centuries to help us interact with music, and that discipline is what I and those of my profession are charged with teaching. Before addressing the need for music instruction in our schools I would like to briefly examine the need for education of any kind. Education is a means of making sure our society has a given set of knowledge. The set of knowle dge we perceive ourselves as needing changes based on our surroundings and the issues we are dealing with. In American educations early history we perceived ourselves as needing a set of knowledge that included a common language and common view of history, as well as knowledge of those things with which we would interact every day. In many ways early public education was more a means of social control than an altruistic endeavor. In todays climate we see ourselves as having more diverse needs in our education... ...ure we have a musically literate society. There are many more examples of this commitment throughout our history. Essentially I believe that in todays society music literacy is a necessary skill for us all to have to successfully encounter and interact with the world around us. Reasons for teaching music as a school subject are consistent with the reasons that we educate ourselves about anything else. Furthermore, we have shown a commitment in the past to creating a musically literate society, and events in todays world only strengthen the need to continue that commitment. Works CitedLebuta, Joseph A. & Smith, Deborah A. Music Education Historical Contexts and Perspectives. (1997) Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall. Lehman, Paul R. et all. The School Music Program A New Vision. (1994). Reston, VA. Music Educators National Conference.

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymors Adaptation of Shakespeare

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymors Adaptation of Shakespeares Titus AndronicusRoman coliseum . . . Formica kitchenArmored warrior . . . Armored tankGregorian Chant . . . Hard exciteWhite toga . . . Metallic business suit Ancient Rome . . . Modern AmericaAt first glance, these categories appear entirely incompatible, unable to exist together. However, in Julie Taymors adaptation of Shakespeares Titus Andronicus, we find that they are compatible after all. With elaborate sets, stunning costumes, and a remarkable film score, Taymor blurs the boundaries that divide them and creates a world that accommodates both ancient Rome and redbrick America. The film soundtrack was an important element in creating the juxtaposed world that Taymor desired. Taymor selected Elliot Goldenfall, a veteran composer for the stage and screen whom she had known for twenty years, to headman the scoring. Their long association served them well in this endeavor - the final film score was both stunn ing and effective in combining ancient and modern musical elements. Goldenfall manipulated four main musical styles to score the film (symphonic, jazz, hard rock, and aria), and each style represented particular emotions. The opening scene in the coliseum is a particularly potent display of Taymor and Goldenfalls artistic creativity. Warriors covered in gray armor, stoic faces smeared with a bluish-gray paste, march resolutely into the coliseum. As they move into formation, Goldenfall uses the effectual sounds of symphonic music to instill a feeling of triumph. Horns blare victoriously. Footsteps are marched in a steady andante, matched with heavy drums. A strong male let loose joins the music, the singing reminiscent of modal G... ...us, and various dignitaries enter the dining room, Goldenfall inserts a muted Italian aria, like one heard in a amercement Italian restaurant. Considering the nature of the scene and the audiences knowledge of what is to be served, the aria serves to increase audience disgust. And as the beautiful music wafts through the background of the scene and Tamora eats the flesh of her own sons, the revulsion is intensified. It is almost a relief when the scene erupts into violence.It is not an easy task to fuse modern society with that of ancient Rome. However, under Taymors way the sets, costumes, and film score accomplish just that. In particular, by combining modern and archaic music styles, Goldenfall successfully augments the effects Taymor strives for. The result is a high-potential film that takes Shakespeares classic to levels it has not previously been taken.

General Information about Anthrax :: Anthrax

The distemper Anthrax derives its seduce from the Greek word anthracis, which means coal. This name is in response to the characteristic black, coal-like central regions located on the anthrax skin lesions that appear in the cutaneous (tissue) form of the disease (Centers for Disease curb and Prevention (CDC)). Although the 2001 letter attacks brought it widespread attention, anthrax has been around throughout history in many different aras. For example, the fifth and/or sixth plagues of Egypt that occurred during the time of Moses (1250 B.C.) are thought to represent the earliest historical reports of the disease, due to the systemic and cutaneous forms of the disease(Turnbull). In addition, its appearance has been noted in areas such as Asia squirt during the siege of Troy and its description has been found in the works of many famous authors such as Homer, Hippocrates, Varro, Virgil, and Galen. This leads to the idea that the Greeks and Romans were well acquainted with it (Tu rnbull). From then on its appearance may have occurred in France, England, Germany, Hungary and Poland. It wasnt until the 1700s when its appearance was reported in America in animals. And within the next 100 years or so, Anthrax was being used by biologists to help with the progression of science. Robert Koch, in 1876, established Bacillus anthracis as the first proven bacterial sustain of a human disease. His work led to the development of Kochs Postulates, a set of diagnostic criteria still used by microbiologists today (Nester). Also, the vaccine for anthrax, essential by Louis Pasteur in 1881, was the first effective live vaccine for a bacterial disease. All of these reported accounts, as well as other scientist journals in the late 1700s and 1800s, show that this disease is not new to the human race.Anthrax is a highly infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that infects animals including humans. The disease is more common in large herbivores but can also infect hum ans who are exposed to diseased animal tissue or bacterial spores of the disease. These herbivores include cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs as well as wild populations of deer, elephants, buffalo, and others. Incidents of anthrax among animals have been reported by 82 countries, however, these countries are limited to those with weak reality veterinary health programs (Friedlander). Therefore, humans who live in these countries are of high-risk of acquiring the disease through different means of transmission.